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Initial Proposal Billing System Gemaima C. Maglasang Eliza M. Oliverio Melody Sinas 1. Introduction With the power of technology nowadays, people get interested with computers. They tried to indulge themselves on it to have a productive result in a more efficient and time saving process. However some of them are still using manual system. In this regard, we acknowledge the value of computerized system. As of todays generation, there are business existing. One of which is Cuadro Square Builders Inc. It is located at brgy. Cataman high-way Manabay,ozamiz City and managed by Granville Young Te.Cuadro Square Builders Inc. started their operation of their business on 2011. As we interviewed their manager he said that they have a running system but it was not maintain by their IT representative, it was currupt and lost their files. After six months they decided to use the manual billing. So we offer them our planning system to facilitate their work. And avoid losing documents. 2. Objective s Records of available products and maintain description of new products. Saves customer details and new entered category of products. Provides economic/financial reports to the owner monthly or weekly and yearly.Provides a convenient solution of billing pattern. Make an easy to use environment for user. Simplifies the task and reduces the paper work. 3. System Features Helps the user to fill up easy Easy to save and locate files 4. Methodology We choose to use Waterfall diagram in our project and in our documentation because it is simple and easy to understand. Phases are processed and completed one at a time. We decided to use the VB. Net as our programming language. 5. Schedule Activity No. of days Remarks Planning 7 xays Analyzing 10 days Designing 30 days System Coding 50 days Implementation 5 days

Gothic Genre Explored in Tim Burton’s Films Essay

This is often ignited by key scenes that feature macabre, supernatural, fantasy or science fiction. This is evident in the various scenes within each of Tim Burton’s Films. Tim Burton incorporates the style of Gothic elements such as Gothic style architecture and prominent dark lighting in the film, Edward Scissor Hands (1990). Through these film techniques, Burton thus is able to explore the the dark and damaged world of the suburbia. These techniques include the bright lighting within the suburbia residences, which often emphasizes the contrasting dark lighting from black shades implemented by the hand made metal structures that is prominently used within Edward’s Victorian styled manor/home. Such discrepancies between bright and dark lighting is evident in the scene where Pegg decides to visit Edward’s isolated mansion in hopes to sell her Avon products, despite her failure from her seemingly welcoming suburbia. Pegg’s exclusion implements the idea that the suburbia is the damaged world, which is evident in the scene whereby many residences such as Joyce impolitely ignores Pegg from entering her house while selling her Avon products. This juxtaposes the seemingly warm-hearted suburbia, which in fact is not. However Edward’s home provides more warmth than the suburbia. Tim Burton also contrasts the general suburbia and the Gothic styled architecture of Edward’s Victorian style manor. The conformity of the suburbia is evident in the scene where residences of the suburbia robotically leave their picture perfect houses with clean cut lawns to work. The dichotomies of light and dark lighting, the suburbia’s commitment in submitting to conformity provides a sense of uneasiness and a sinister atmosphere for the audience, because the audience is challenged to reason that the Suburbia is actually the damaged world, despite the eerie aura that Edward’s home project through its dark lightning and threatening appearance. Through Burton’s exploration of the damaged suburbia world, he has successfully fused gothic elements such as light and dark lighting complimented by gothic styled architecture and structures, in effectively creating the horror film, Edward Scissor hands (1990). Similarly in the film, Nightmare before Christmas (1993), Tim Burton also integrates dark lighting and unconventional style of architecture, in the gothic setting of Halloween town. Tim Burton aims to depict Halloween town as the damaged world by portraying its setting with harsh and direct lighting complimented with monochromatic tones. This is evident in the opening musical scene of the film, whereby the buildings and the residents of halloween town is depicted in various panning and establishing film shots. Burton also explores this damaged world through Halloween town’s set such as narrow based structures, mythical organic structures, elongated silhouettes, bone like trees, deep shadows and textured woods. This is evident in the scene, when protagonist Jack Skellington wanders aimlessly in the deserted forest, after the previous Halloween event celebration was finished. The dark and intense lighting implemented by the unusual geometrical structures and architecture of Halloween town fabricates an unnatural, creepy and an uneasy atmosphere amongst the audience. The effect on the audience perspicuously demonstrates the expected reaction based on the standards of horror films. Therefore through Tim Burton’s employment of the gothic elements such as dark lighting and gothic styled architecture, Burton successfully explores Halloween town as the damaged world, thus fabricating an effective horror film. In the film, Sleepy hollow (1999), Tim Burton also integrates various Gothic elements such as Dark lighting and Gothic styled architecture, to emphasize the damaged world of Sleepy Hollow, in efforts to achieve a successful horror film. Tim Burton continuously present the town of Sleepy Hollow under monochromatic tones and shadows, under the principal influence of film noire, a style that highlights the macabre and haunted aura of Sleepy Hollow, through an abundant use of black and white tones with splashes of red. Burton also uses sets in the film that feature dense forests of skeletal trees, rotting and gothic styled houses with prominent exaggeration of key landmarks such as the detail and seemingly animate structure of the ‘Tree of the Dead’. This is evident in the scene whereby, Ichabod Crane with his fellow associates Katrina Vangareth and Young Jonathan Masbeth, come in contact with the ‘Tree of the Dead’, within the haunted â€Å"Western Woods†. In attempts to discover what lies inside the ‘Tree of the Dead’, Ichabod Crane is forced to cut his way through its wooden flesh while fighting to repel the showering red blood, only to see a collection of rotting and blood-soaked heads (from the victims). Burton’s emphasis on the film noire style with splashes of blood-red colours and the gothic styled and animate architectures of Sleepy Hollow, play a significant part in creating a morbid and terrifying character of the damaged world of Sleepy Hollow. Through the incorporation of gothic elements such as dark lighting and film noire implemented by gothic styled architecture, Burton successfully explores Sleepy Hollow as a damaged world and thus effectively create the horror film,Sleepy Hollow (1999). Tim Burton successfully uses gothic elements in creating the horror film, Edward Scissor Hands (1990), through the interpretation of Edward as the flawed hero. Burton delineates Edward as the flawed hero through his physical abnormality and structure considering that he has hands for scissors and that he is an imitation of life considering that he was constructed by a creator not by the normal cycle of human birth. The audience can recall that Edward’s perception of what is good and bad is seemingly altered or underdeveloped since his creator a. k. a. father died without teaching him the extensions of social etiquette and laws including his unfinished hands. Burton emphasizes Edward’s incomplete hands as it plays an important role in allowing the audience to understand Edward’s flaws and limitations to experience the normalities of being a human being which include interactions such as merely shaking hands or to touch another. An example of this is evident in the key scene whereby Edward is questioned by Kim to hold her, however realizing his physical constraints, Edward replies melancholy, â€Å"I can’t†. Burton also includes a key scene that highlights the flaws of Edward’s knowledge beyond than that of his naiveness and basic desire for goodness. This feature scene highlights how Edward is questioned by Kim’s father during Dinner after being arrested for trespassing Jim’s home. Kim’s father motions Edward to answer a simple question of wether to give a lost brief case full of money to the police or use the lost money to buy gifts for their loved ones, however Edward fails to answer correctly, quoting that it should be â€Å"be given to my loved ones†. This demonstrates that his isolation within the confines of his outlying manor/home on the hill has greatly effected his knowledge of lawful conduct within a law-abiding world that does not accept him, understand him nor want him. Edward’s physical constraints and flaws within his knowledge of social etiquette/manner and lawful conduct vividly provides the audience that Edward clearly has imperfections as a hero and thus this response creates an emphatic yet supernatural atmosphere amongst the audience towards Edward. Overall, through the interpretation of Edward as the Flawed Hero, Tim Burton has successfully used Gothic elements to create the horror component in the film, Edward Scissor Hands (1990). Tim Burton successfully uses Gothic elements in creating the horror film, Nightmare before Christmas (1993), through the interpretation of Jack Skellington as the flawed hero. Tim Burton explores the flaws of Jack Skellington a. k. a the Pumpkin King considered as the king of Halloween Town, through presenting his true feelings of boredom from the repeated and monotonous arrangement of the Halloween event, his desire to break free from Halloween Town’s conformity and to expand his vision and boundaries of how Halloween should be executed. Burton puts great emphasis on Jack’s flaws through key musical scenes such as when Jack fails to celebrate joyfully after the previous Halloween event, whereby he wanders melancholy in the cemetery towards the woods in search of better and unconventional entertainment as well as Jack’s utter amusement in his contact with Christmas Land. The audience is challenged in reasoning what jack fails to continue and submit towards the expectations of being the traditional hero, which is one whom does not let his/her inner feelings disrupt the vision of what must always be done. In this case Jack fails to continue his role as the Pumpkin King to rule the traditional ways of Halloween Town. Through the portrayal of Jack Skellington as the flawed hero, Tim Burton successfully combines this gothic element in the film, Nightmare before Christmas (1993), thus creating effectively a horror film. In the film, Sleepy Hollow (1999), Tim Burton successfully employs Gothic elements in creating a horror film, through the interpretation of Ichabod Crane as the flawed hero. Burton portrays Ichabod Crane as a mysterious man whom does not submit within the social and scientific field, given that he is not taken into consideration regarding his field as being an inventor and mortician. Ichabod is depicted as a flawed hero due to that he has a disturbed past and unorthodox approach of manner in responding towards his work and associates. This is mainly due to the fact that Ichabod has been orphaned since the persecution of his mother accused of being a witch, which explains his obsession of the truth and his association with the spiritual and supernatural realms. This is achieved through Burton’s incorporation of key scenes such as the recurrent flashbacks in the form of Ichabod’s nightmare’s, depicting his childhood interactions with his mother and also his witnessing of his mother’s gruesome death by merciless torture and also his unconventional manners as a man who faints in the sight of blood. This challenges the audience’s expectations of what a hero should qualify as being socially acceptable and independently aware to courageously face his fears regardless of their past influences. However Ichabod Crane is opposite to these expectations, which plays a significant role in creating a disturbed and uncanny feel amongst the audience and are forced to realize that this film qualify to the standards of a horror films. Through Tim Burton’s portrayal of Ichabod Crane as the flawed hero, he successfully integrates gothic elements within Ichabod’s character, in effectively producing a Horror component in the film,Sleepy Hollow (1999). In the film, Edward Scissor Hands (1990), Tim Burton employs gothic elements to achieve a sense of dread and terror, such as music and motif, costume, dialogue complimented by omens and supernaturals, which effectively creates a horror film. Burton incorporates dreamlike and ethereal music evident in the scenes where Edward is free to express his emotions such as when edward sculpts the angel from pure ice. Busy and fast-phased music parallels the fast-like mainstream of the suburbia society. It allows the audience to experience the true atmosphere which is one of perjury, social ignorance and influences of rumors. This attributes greatly in shaping the damaged world of the Suburbia, thus creating the sense of dread and terror for the audience. Burton also implements this through Edwards costume, motif, omens and supernatural elements. The dominant idea within this Movie’s setting is the portrayal of Edward’s hands as razor-sharped scissors. It serves as a constant reminder to the audience of what Edward’s hand symbolize to be the drawback of having an artificial life which include the limitations in interacting with people even those he loves. Edward is the presence of the supernatural since Edward’s jet-black body suit that is fabricated with hand-sewn patches and supportive belts portrays the physical character of Edward as a creation designed and made by man to imitate life. Burton also utilizes a style of dialogue that is concise and reservedness evident in Edward’s speech phase,which emphasizes the kind, shy and honest nature of Edward. It also indicated his awkwardness with socially interacting with people and also emphasizes the underdeveloped yet good natured knowledge of Edward. Through these gothic elements the audience is able to experience the mysterious and awkwardness nature of Edward, in contrast to the defective nature of the suburbia. In employing these various gothic elements, Tim Burton successfully fabricates the horror component in the film, Edward Scissor Hands(1990). Tim Burton utilizes gothic elements in the film, Nightmare before Christmas (1993), to achieve a sense of dread and terror, among which include music and motifs, costume, dialogue with fragments of omens and supernatural elements, designed to create an effective horror film. Their are constant musicals performed by a particular character such as Jack Skellington, Sally, Oggie Boogie Man which Burton uses to emphasize what the characters are feeling the strongest and also their personality. Such as in the scene whereby Jack sings a melancholy song in a cemetery expressing his failure in Christmas. Another example includes Sally’s wishful song expressing for her yearning feelings for Jack. An example of fast phased, rhythmic and casino like themed music emphasizes Oggie boogie’s nature of being a gambler and also highlights his dangerous and mischievous nature in gambling the victim’s lives he will consume. Burton also incorporates motifs ; omens and supernatural elements. The dominant idea within this film’s setting is the existence of the Seasonal Events such as Halloween and Christmas emphasized though the 5 seasonal portal doors inside the woods which is a portal to it’s seasonal event town such as Halloween Town and Christmas Town. Other examples include the appearance of supernatural beings such as the residences of Halloween Town such as Jack being a skeleton, Sally a frankenstein creation, vampire and zombie residents etc. , which is bizarre and otherworldly. Burton also utilizes costume that is primarily characterized to suit the nature and status of a character, such as Jack wears a jet-black and bizarre tuxedo which ultimately allows himself to be characterized as a Halloween citizen. However Santa Claus wears the traditional Christmas costume which indicates that he is a citizen of the Halloween Town. These categorical style of costumes enables the audience to understand what each character plays a part in the story, which also contributes to the sense of eeriness and creepiness. The Dialogue has a fusion of jargon, colloquialism as well as formal language that sustains the intended atmosphere such as during the scene when Sally rummages through her potions of â€Å"Frogs Breath† and â€Å"Worms squirt† to poison her creator’s soup. The use of jargon sustains an eerie, bizarre and a sense of dread and terrorizing atmosphere for the audience. Tim Burton’s fusion of gothic elements, enable him to create a sense of dread and terror amongst the audience, therefore effectively creating a the horror film, Edward Scissor Hands (1990). In the film, Sleepy Hollow (1999), Tim Burton creates a sense of dread and terror, which effectively fabricates a horror film, through the various gothic elements within the movie such as music and motifs, costume, dialogue complimented by the influence of omens and supernatural elements. Tim Burton utilizes dreamlike and ethereal theme of music evident during the scenes of Ichabod’s past childhood memories through nightmares and also when the town elders lie murdered in the church with Katrina unconscious, after Baltus Van tassel was killed by the Headless Horseman. The repetition of ethereal themed music indicates the presence of a supernatural elements such as witch craft in Ichabod’s dream and the murderous bidding of the headless horseman in the church. The dominant idea within this Movie’s setting is the consecutive appearance of the decapitated head of the victims, murdered by the Headless Horseman. The consistent appearance of the head, signifies the presence of the headless horseman and thus the continuity of the fear and complications kept alive by the residents of Sleepy Hollow. Burton also uses 18th century styled clothing to explore the modern world in contrast with the traditional and ancient supernatural world full of witches, legends and auntings, which in turn implements to the film’s sense of dread and terror. This is also paralleled with Burton’s use of formal and expressive style of dialogue, which effectively sustains the seriousness of the situation, that also emanates a suspenseful and mysterious phase to the story/ film. Last but not least burton incorporates omens and supernatural elements such as the fact the Sleepy Hollow is a damaged world influenced by ancient witch craft both good and ev il, the presence of legendary and hellbound avengers which is the headless horseman. Supernatural elements also includes the inclusion of witches in state of possession as well as Ichabod Crane’s influence within the spiritual and supernatural realms. All of these gothic elements play an essential factor in maintaing a suspenseful and sinister atmosphere for the audience. Through Burton’s incorporation of these gothic elements, he has successfully created a sense of dread and terror , thus effectively creating the horror film, Sleepy Hollow (1999). Tim Burton is a successful auteur of gothic films, a sub genre of horror. He has a easily identifiable style that creates dread and terror in the hearts of his audience. He repeats his repeated use of gothic elements such as the dark and eerie setting in the films Edward Scissor Hands (1990), Nightmare before Christmas (1993) and Sleepy Hollow (1999), are created through the use of elongated shadows, harsh lighting, stylized gothic sets and foreboding musical motifs. His flawed protagonists are consistently isolated from those they seek to be accepted by. Edward Scissor hands through his physical deformity, Jack Skellington through his loneliness and boredom and Ichabod Crane through his association with the Supernatural realms, lack of social etiquette and also his avante-garde experimental ways of thinking. Through these skillfully combined gothic elements, suspenseful and horror films are produced.

Katherine Philips and her Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Katherine Philips and her Works - Essay Example Philips detached herself from Presbyterian traditions and admired the king and his church policy. Katherine’s mother married a Welshman called Hector Philips after the death of his father John Fowler. When Katherine was sixteen years old, she married James Philips a Welsh parliamentarian in 1647. James Philips was said to be fifty-four years old. However, there was little conflict between Katherine and her husband on political issues in that Katherine was a royalist and James was a supporter of Oliver Cromwell. This division is recorded in her poetry works. Katherine spent most of her time in London through her husband continued to reside in Wales. Her husband encouraged her literary creativity. Katherine had two children a daughter a son. Katherine founded the society of friends, which originated from the cult in Neoplatonic love imported by Henrietta Maria in 1630 where members acquired pseudonyms from French romances of cavalier dramas. Katherine Philips borrowed these ideas and dramatized it in her society of friendship. The society of friendship existed between 1651 and 166. This society helped Katherine to establish a standard in literary skills for generations as she managed to establish herself as a model for female writers after her death. She was regarded as the apostle of female friendship and this attached great respect to her name. Katherine Philip’s home became the center of the group. Actually, she wrote one hundred and sixteen poems, completed five verse translations, and translated two plays by Pierre Corneille from the French between 1606 and 1684. Her plays were produced in public theaters in both London and Dublin becoming the first female dramatists to have her works produced in public. Phillips did not receive any payment for her work, unlike Alpha Behn who is the first woman to write for the English stage as a professional. Anne Owen was the most important female member of the circle of friendship. She was known as Lucasia in  Philips’s poems.

Assignmnet 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignmnet 4 - Research Paper Example Regular Sponsorships permit the publicist to â€Å"rent† a part of the page to show their brand, a message or a promotion. Content support permits the advertiser to submit the content they might wish to show on the page, and after analysis this content is displayed. This offers the publicist slightly less management within the message they require to advertise however, on the opposite hand it would be more practical in guaranteeing content integration between the page and also the advertiser’s message. The objective of advertising is to persuade the people on the existence of the company’s products; this will increase demand for the existing products. The other objective is to remind customers about the existing products. The strategy will also use radio and television technique to this will help to capture a large population since radio, televisions usually capture a large population and are accessible to everyone. Television advertising within the U.S. and in different countries involves 2 main tasks: One is making a TV advert that meets broadcast standards, and then Inserting the advert on TV through a targeted air time media that reaches the required client. The pre-testing analysis technique will be used to test the effectiveness of promotion strategies used. Pre-testing permits a companys promoting department to work out the effectiveness of a promotional strategy. The corporate might favour to use simulation as a pre-testing technique to check client appeal, client awareness, repeat purchases and also the sense worth. By using the pre-testing technique, a corporation will compare its results against a previous promotional techniques outcome and do away with promotional techniques that are unsuccessful. Concurrent testing of a promotional technique is applied whereas marketing is ongoing, allowing the sales manager to change the technique as required. The assessment relies on weekly or monthly sales knowledge.

Between Art and Architecture in The Landscape Essay

Between Art and Architecture in The Landscape - Essay Example The paper tells that expressions that are in architecture are distinguished by the works of various architects, movements of different time frames and approaches to creating the buildings. There are distinguishing characteristics associated with the different architectural structures and landscapes, specifically which are based on the approaches which the architects take. A feature which is considers in terms of architecture is based on the artistic influences that are portrayed in each of the buildings. While architectural pieces may be considered as artistic, there are several artistic structures that do not represent architecture. Identifying and defining the differentiation as well as the approaches of various artists and the aesthetics of architecture then creates a defined meaning of what is associated with various movements. Even with the use of experimentation of mediums and the expectation of using art as architecture, are still specialized aspects that show there are altern atives that are created from both mediums. This is developing controversial aspects to the artists and architects as well as how the use of both mediums is able to develop distinctions between both categories. Identifying the spatial differences, crafting alterations and the approaches and ideologies which are taken by different architects is also able to create a different approach to how the architects and artists remain as distinct categories that are able to develop alternative movements and experimentation based on the individual mediums. Defining Contemporary Art and Architecture The concept of art and architecture has traditionally been associated with two different mediums based on the aesthetics and functionality of the pieces. Architecture implies a building or other area which is used for lifestyle needs or which is based on creating what is known as a spatial practice. The artistic works imply an expression an aesthetically valuable approach that is able to convey a mess age or meaning that is more critical in nature. The combination of both is known as a critical spatial practice and is now regarded as intertwining between both mediums. This consists of site specific art and public art, urban interventions, conceptual designs and collaborative groups which are developing hybrid approaches to the artistic and architectural endeavors within a spatial area. The changing meaning of art and architecture is one which has altered specifically because of implications based on the developments between each medium (Rendell, 2006: 3). The similarities and differences with contemporary art and architecture as well as the blurred lines which have been created have furthered into changing characteristics of what identifies art and architecture. The identification is one which is no longer based on the functionality and images that are approached as well as the use of space or context that comes from either art or architecture. The combination of both has led int o a different visual reasoning of the work. Conceptual ideas as well as figurative approaches are both being used with art and architecture to show a shift in the perspectives of what both mediums relate to. The change is one which is no longer identifying and defining the rules and regulations which were approached in terms of visual designs and the systems which were before required for art and architecture. Instead, there is a direct link to the visual landscape that crosses in terms of art and architecture as the same approach to structure (Goldschmidt, 2003: 158). Social and Cultural Changes in Architecture The movement into art and architecture as interchangeable and as a hybrid concept has not only

Roger Fenton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roger Fenton - Essay Example Although his pictures only depicted the "acceptable" parts of the conflict, they were the first to capture the mundane aspects of warfare† (Roger Fenton Biography). He was died on August 8, 1869. This paper analyses the pictures taken by Roger Fenton with respect to subject matter, composition, framing, and intent. Even though Roger Fenton has taken more than 360 war photographs, he deliberately avoided the pictures of dead, injured or mutilated soldiers. At the same time, he was successful in portraying or revealing the atrocities of war with the help of the photographed landscapes at or near the war front. Crimean War between Britain and Russia was portrayed beautifully by Roger Fenton. One of the most famous war photographs taken during Crimean War by Fenton is known as the Valley of the Shadow of Death. British soldiers faced lot of humiliating defeats in the place shown in the above photograph. Even though, dead bodies or injured people are not visible in this picture, the viewers will get a haunting experience after watching this picture. â€Å"Borrowing from the Twenty-third Psalm of the Bible, the Valley of Death was named by British soldiers who came under constant shelling there† (Valley of the Shadow of Death). Valley of the Shadow of Death is considered to be the master piece of Roger Fenton. It is still considered as an important piece of war photography. The theme of this picture is the view of a cannonball-strewn road near Sevastopol. This photograph appears to be a simple at the first look; however close analysis of this picture may present a haunting experience to the viewers. â€Å"The image offers a kind of visual equivalent to Tennysons poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. In it, the poet pays tribute to the six hundred British cavalrymen who died in this s ame valley on 25 October 1854† (Roger Fenton: The Valley of the Shadow of Death) Fenton believed that the perceptive eye of the camera could record "all

The Kellogg's Cornflake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Kellogg's Cornflake - Essay Example This paper will examine such a company, and the steps it has taken to ensure it is among the top contenders in the expanding market. Many corporations are enjoying the market they have globally. This is through the identification of the right marketing mix, which keeps them above their competitors. Kellogg’s Cornflake is a perfect example of such a business corporation. The right marketing mix can ensure that the organization presents its customers with the right products for consumption. There are some aspects to consider with the market being targeted, and this is what many corporations are out to achieve. Carrying out and conducting research based on what consumers need is the best way to go about having the appropriate consumer base (Mattern 2011). This ensures that business is always at the top of its game. There are ways in which Kellogg’s demonstrates good supply chain management. One way they do this is through the system they incorporate in their operations. This is the just-in-time system. This system provides the corporation with enough products to consumers while retaining the limited stock in their possession. An efficient distribution system is responsible for ensuring retailers and consumers get their products at the right time. Failure to have such a system in place may force retailers to go competitors, who might offer the same products that may come with some advantages. Exceptional supply chain management offers consumers the best option on the products they buy and sell (The Times 100 2012). Another example of exceptional supply chain management distribution is the ability to have a computerised stock holding system. This computerised system is capable of ensuring deliveries are always on time, and to the right retailers. This system also guarantees that Kellogg’s shelves are always full. The promise that such a system offers is that, stock the corporation has is kept to a minimum. The retailers and customers of

Anti-poverty practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Anti-poverty practice - Essay Example A 'theory of social work' would aim at developing the participant's ability to build a foundation about human social functioning from which they can continue to analyse and integrate theories from many sources that emphasise social, biological, psychological, and cultural factors in human life.( Dominelli, L, 2004). The theoretical apparatus for social work may include applying theories to understand and explain persons in their environment; identifying, appreciating, criticizing, and comparing social paradigms, particularly with regard to the manner in which they sustain and constrain theories on development and interaction; integrating theories for advancing social work practice and policy; assessing the social effects of different theories, transferring learning across various settings, and forming a unified framework for social work; evaluating the influence of social paradigms on oneself as a social worker; and by identifying world views that affect one's beliefs, actions, and i nteractions and reflecting on their consequences for social work with different mandates, groups, and settings. Social work is generally considered as being 'dedicated' to enhancing human life locally, nationally and globally by that builds on client system strengths and empowerment abilities. The practice is geared to rural and indigenous populations and is focused on improving social and economic justice with at-risk populations. Social workers must be able to promote efforts to develop and improve human services in a variety of settings; to enhance practitioners' ability to work with diverse clients; to promote active efforts to address poverty, structural racism, and oppression; and to contribute to the development of knowledge and scholarly work reflecting rural knowledge and practice that flows from local to international contexts. Social work practice is a process intended to assist people in need or to respond to human needs. The 'mission' of a social worker may be expressed as the following goals: to practice as generalist social workers with knowledge, values, and skills for working with diverse client systems of various sizes in rural settings; to understand and work effectively with diverse populations, especially those indigenous to the area in which he/she works; to promote continued professional development and enhancement of knowledge, values, and skills for generalist social work practice; and to provide service to the community and promote social and economic justice. (Wood and Tully, 2006) Social work and poverty The social work profession's roots are entwined with poverty from the time of the Elizabethan Poor Laws in England which are usually cited as the first attempts at the policy of poverty management, to the present-day's "welfare reform" measures. Although the term "poverty" can be applied to relative depletion of any resource--of the spirit, of health, of attitude-- the term usually refers to economic poverty. Social workers' efforts with respect to those who are poor and the circumstances that produce poverty have been to mitigate the impact of poverty on people as well as to develop policies that prevent poverty. Their concern with poverty

Operations Management for the Construction of Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Term Paper

Operations Management for the Construction of Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital - Term Paper Example It has been found that this inefficiency can be attributable to the architects and contracting engineers who are responsible for the development of the construction plan including the type and quantity of materials to be used, the number of construction workers to be employed, and the duration of the project. Nevertheless, in many construction projects where quality has always been deliberately overlooked such that contractors make use of cheaper materials in order to earn more than to erect a high-quality facility, there is dire need to revamp the entire operations management in that the cause of this kind of unscrupulous approach may be detrimental to those who will use the facility at the end of the day. This paper will look at the case of the construction of the Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital and the kind of operations management needed to complete it economically while ensuring productivity and efficiency. In particular, this paper will talk about an important tool in operations management: Economics and Diseconomies of Scale†, which aims to contribute to solving problems involved in the construction phase of the Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital. ... Spreading the fixed costs, reducing construction cost, cutting cost of purchased materials, etc In the case of the construction of the Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital, economies of scale can be a great tool in order to spread the fixed costs (Dixit and Baldick 8). When purchasing materials for the construction, the contractors can take advantage of buying construction materials in bulk or in large quantities such that the fixed cost per one kind of construction material will be distributed to the number of it that has to be purchased; the higher the quantity, the lower the cost for each material would be because for suppliers, the initial set up capital would just be the same regardless of the quantity of the material they have to produce; what these suppliers will have is a marginal extra cost. This is one of many reasons for company mergers or takeovers. Implementing this concept in the construction of Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital, it would be just as certain that the construction cost will be reduced. Obviously, as contractors obtain a good deal in construction materials by taking more quantity at a significantly lower cost would bend the â€Å"extra† budget more on perhaps improvisation of the facility or for the operating cost of the hospital once it becomes operational. Also, when variable cost is cut down, it automatically reduces the entire construction cost considering that the costs of the purchased materials are also cut back. Diseconomies of Scale Purchasing in large quantities does not always entail efficiency. There are cases wherein economies of scale no longer work for a construction operation such that instead of a sustained decrease in fixed cost with

Scenario question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Scenario question - Essay Example The Vienna Convention defines a reservation as â€Å"a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in application to that State.†3 At the outset the question that needs to be examined is whether the reservation appended by State A is valid. The Vienna Convention in dealing with reservations, points out that a State may formulate a reservation, unless such reservation â€Å"is prohibited by the treaty.†4 In the case dealing with reservations to the Genocide Convention5, the International Court of Justice attempted to achieve a balance between the sovereign right of a State to make a reservation versus the apparent rising tide of reservations that went against the spirit of the treaty and the right of parties not to be bound to a treaty if they didn’t wish to be. There is a simil ar conflict posed in this case. The purpose of the Treaty between States A to D, is cooperation on economic matters, but State A in reserving the option to suspend economic cooperation, which is against the very purpose of the Treaty and contravenes Article 19 cited above. The 2000 Treaty does not specifically prohibit reservations, but since the purpose of the treaty is economic cooperation, a reservation seeking to withdraw economic cooperation may be questionable, especially in the context of the ICJ decision stated above which prevents States from making such incompatible reservations. The frequency of reservations has increased in the twentieth century and some examples of Conventions that prohibit reservations in treaties are the 1952 Universal Copyright Convention and the 1964 Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the International Carriage by Air.6 In this instance, since State A has specified that the withdrawal of economic cooperation will occur only in

Push and Pull Factors in the Tourism Industry Essay Example for Free

Push and Pull Factors in the Tourism Industry Essay Gogo (formerly known as Aircell), is an innovation company, becoming leaders in providing inflight connectivity. The company began in 1991, when they began creating telephone systems for aircrafts, they progressed from this and in 2006 began creating a broadband network for aircraft. In 2008, they launched this new system into commercial flights and since then they have been offering this service for various American airlines including US Airways, Virgin America and American Airlines (Gogo 2013). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recent experience of using Gogo Wi-Fi on an American Airlines flight, and investigate the strategy of Gogo, with reference to the innovation dilemmas when creating this new service. The experience occurred on an American Airlines flight from San Francisco to Los Angeles, although the technology had been available for a few years, this was the first time the consumer had experienced Wi-Fi whilst flying. Although the consumer had no need for the Internet on their flight and only purchase it to update their Facebook status, they recognised the benefits of having the internet on long haul flights, this included people being able to check emails and stay in touch with people and it also provides people with the ability to download entertainment from online sources and no longer be limited to the selection provided by the airline. Due to the nature of the Airline industry, at the core level it can be viewed as a generic offering across the industry. This resulting in airlines often creating a differentiation strategy, in order to gain a competitive advantage as they seek to increase the value of the product/service on offer to the consumer (Hooley et al, 2012). The Gogo Company acknowledged that their innovation could provide a service to Airlines that will enable them to differentiate themselves. This can be identified on the Gogo website, as it states ‘By differentiating your airline and providing a memorable passenger experience, you stand to gain loyalty among your valued flyers†¦lets you custom wrap the video portal, so your brand is consistently comes forth whenever passengers are connected’ (Gogo 2013). In 2009, American Airlines announced it would be using Gogo services on their domestic flights, costing the airline $100 000 to install (Semuels, 2009). This therefore shows that American Airlines have recognised the benefits and the increase ticket sales and revenue they could receive by advertising Gogo Internet is now a part of inflight entertainment. When innovation occurs within a company, they must consider the following innovation dilemmas, whether the product or service is a technology push or market pull, product or process innovation, open or closed innovation and finally a technological or business-model innovation. Technology push is when innovation is pushed by technologist or scientist who pass this information onto the company, from there they will manage, promote and distribute this new innovation. This can be compared to market push, this is when companies create innovation based on what the ‘lead users’ are doing in that particular industry (Johnson et al, 2011). One aspect that has enable Gogo to overcome this dilemma, is by listening to what the market wants and ensuring they are up to date with the current market technological tends. Product Innovation is when emphasis on innovation is placed on the finally product, whereas in process innovation is when innovation is focused on the production and distribution (Johnson et al, 2011). At the beginning Gogo was focused on the product innovation, but as the company has grown, they have shifted to process innovation. This can be identified on the Gogo website stating that ‘1 in 4 people consider their laptop, tablet or IPad an essential carry on item’ (Gogo 2013), therefore Gogo has had to ensure its innovation is compatible across the multiple devices. Open innovation is when companies improve their innovation through gaining ideas through internal and external personnel. This can be compared to closed innovation, when innovation is based on internal personnel (Johnson et al, 2011). Gogo tend to go for closed innovation to ensure they remain leaders in the industry however ensuring they are receiving feedback from their clients to ensure they are meeting their needs. Technological or business-model innovation, technological innovation is when innovation is relied on new science or technology, whereas business-model innovation emphasises on creating new models that will bring stakeholders together in a new method (Johnson et al, 2011). Gogo began as a technological innovation, however has become a business-model innovation for companies using Gogo products and service, as it changes the way they sell and promote their airline company. Overall, Gogo are the market leaders and innovators in inflight communications services. And from reviewing the company’s current strategy, it can be recognised that will continue to be market leaders as they are aware of the demands from today’s consumers, and are constantly updating, innovating and meeting these demands. Although by company innovating new products or services, it dose propose the risk of innovation dilemmas, Gogo has proven that they can overcome these dilemmas and continue to lead and grow.

How the Police Access Data to Obtain Criminal Information Essay Example for Free

How the Police Access Data to Obtain Criminal Information Essay Advancement in technology has completely changed the way in which law enforcement agents obtain information, organize and make use of that information (Foster, 2005). Foster (2005) states that technology has enhanced the use of information both in strategic and tactical sense. Scientific criminal investigation is one of the earliest methods of obtaining information concerning crime and criminals. Fingerprint classification is a very good example of scientific criminal investigation. Information technology has greatly enhanced the use of fingerprints in criminal investigation (Foster, 2005). Interviewing is the other method used by law enforcement agents to obtain information. Uncle Bob was asked a few questions by the law enforcement officer in order to collect information concerning his name, address and driving license number. All information concerning criminal activities of an individual, collected by law enforcement and which law enforcement officers have access to, is taken as privileged information (Foster, 2005). This implies that this information is for official use only. Law enforcement agencies have general access to a wide range of information of the common man that is confidential and protected by law. The information retained by law enforcement agencies runs the spectrum from crime reports to personnel records (Pattavina, 2005). Police officers gather a great deal of information, which they preserve for a long time. Majority of the law enforcement agencies in the United States have computerized files and criminal records. This implies that most of the law enforcement officers in the country have access to computerized criminal histories (Pattavina, 2005). Criminal justice information systems contain all information collected in and used in the criminal justice system. This information include: state drivers’ license records, privately gathered information and personal data in addition to court transcripts of testimony. Police records on the other hand deal with information gathered, preserved as well as organized by the police (Foster, 2005). A fully integrated law enforcement record management system has the capacity to access to all other records preserved by different criminal justice organizations. The Florida police department was able to obtain information concerning the weight, height, and criminal history of uncle Bob because its record management system is fully integrated. A fully integrated record management system is made up of various smaller systems whose main role is to exchange information with a master server (Foster, 2005). Law enforcement management system, as stated by Pattavina (2005), is a comprehensive system that allows for the capture in addition to transmission of information from a wide range of sources and also allows for different types of information queries in addition to bridging law enforcement agencies to outside sources of information (Foster, 2005). Law enforcement agencies make use of the internet to exchange information on matters of national security (Pattavina, 2005). Miami Police Department obtained criminal and personal information of uncle Bob through the internet. Communication between the police officer in the field and his agency was enhanced by the fact that law enforcement officers can access a wide range of reference manuals as well as policy in searchable online databases (Foster, 2005). The internet is one of the major technology developments that supplements law enforcement communication schemes. Uncle Bob is likely to be charged with over speeding. It can therefore be concluded that advancement in technology has completely changed the way in which law enforcement agents obtain information, organize and make use of information. Interviewing is one of the major approaches employed by law enforcement agents to gather information. Communication between law enforcement officers in the field with their agencies as well as between different criminal justice organizations is enhanced by integration of Internet in communication system.

Kautilya Also Known As Chanakya

Kautilya Also Known As Chanakya 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.  [2]  The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East covered most of peninsular India. The empire lasted 150 years until about 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reappeared in 1904 and was published in English in 1 915.  [3]   2. He was a great thinker who could write a definitive treatise on economics and government at a time when large parts of the world was steeped in intellectual darkness. All sources of Indian tradition Brahmanical , Buddist and jain-agree that Kautilya (also refer to as Vishnugupta in a stanza included at the end of the work) destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandra Gupta Maurya in the throne of Magadha. The name Kautilya denotes that he is of the Kutila gotra ; Chanakya shows him to be the son of Chanaka and Vishnugupta was his personal name.While it is known that Kautilaya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadh. Not much is known about his early life except that he had a score to settle with the Nanda king and he had vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He found Chandragupta and took him to Taxila and gave him an education fit for a future king. Together, Kautilya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. The rev olt misfired and Chandragupta and Kautilya fled the scene to save themselves and during this escapade Chandragupta and Kautilya was hiding himself in an old womans dwelling. He overheard her rebuking her child saying you are just like Chandragupta! Because he had got his fingers burnt by starting to eat from centre of hot dish. The Duo learnt their lessons and changed their tactics and began conquest from frontiers and finally Chandragupta was installed as the King of Magadh  [4]  . Kautilya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana-Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. He was way ahead of his times in his thinking and covered every conceivable aspect on the art of politics and warfare, which could be imagined at the time he lived. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. How to form alliances, how to organise and administer them, how to attack a powerful king, how to deal with revolts in rear, what tricks to play on gullible people- there is plenty of evidence in the text to indicate that the author was giving real life answers to every conceivable hypothetical situation. 3. Army has been regarded from the beginning as one of the necessary instruments for the maintenance of a state. Kings, not only in India but throughout the ancient world, maintained well organised and well prepared armies both for the defence and expansion of their kingdoms. History is full of instances that whenever any ruler or state neglected the maintenance of their armies, failures in the form of loss of sovereignty or territory have occurred. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of Earth. Arthashastra could be regarded as the study of the general well being on earth. And since the state can make this well being possible, the protection of Earth and its acquisition which are an essential part of state activity are declared to be province of this shastra. Kautilyas Arthashastra does not take any religious aspect into account. It deals with the various subjects directly and with accuracy. The Arthashastra contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books , 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 Books contained in the Arthashastra can be classified in the following manner: (a) Book 1 deals with Fundamentals of Management. (b) Book 2 deals with Economics. (c) Books 3, 4 and 5 describe Law. (d) Books 6, 7, 8 talks about Foreign Policies. (e) Books 9 to 14 look into the subject of War. (f) The 15th book describe the methodology used in writing the Arthashastra. 4. The topic of war is the last subject in the Arthashastra since War is always the last option. However if a war is unavoidable, preparation and maintenance of the army and the correct warfare strategies are essential in the defence of a country. Warfighting has changed over the centuries due to the impact of changing technology and other factors. Kautilya contributed immensely to the development of the same, his ways of arranging battle groups in war and their administration during peace keeping all relevant factors in consideration still merits study by the modern armies. Kautilya in his Arthashastra states that war is a method to achieve wealth and stability. He emphasised the need to understand all the constraints which emerge in warfighting. Kautilya has argued that the main constraint that a state faces is the economic constraint and many a wars have been lost for want of resources. The Arthashastra has advised the king to eliminate the constraints, mainly the economic constra ints in the furtherance of sates interests. The use of economic strength as a means of states power has also been stated by Kautilya. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 5. Kautilya in ARTHASHASTRA has dealt with various existing subjects which formed the basis of Chandragupta Mauryas rule and victories. In fact there is a view that Kautilyas Arthashastra deals only with matters of foreign policy and economy. A great portion of this book does in fact, deals at length with military matters. He consolidated the existing strategies and tactics of those times and gave his opinion on the subjects, which led to victories of Chandragupta Maurya , who never lost a campaign. It thus emerges that the excellence of Kautilya was not only in diplomacy but also in warfare, but the important fact is that he was able to illustrate methods to organise and manage the armed forces in a large empire. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were examined and spread out in all the adhikaranas, thus leading for topic of research for integrating and analysing those important aspects of organisation and administration which formed the basis of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire, and at the same time analyse its relevance for modern armies. 6. Armed conflict has many aspects attached to it and it is not only attack and capture .The constraints are what the commander in the battlefield has to deal and find the solution of each of the constraints. The constraints are tangible constraints and also intangible constraints which have to be solved to progress the war and finally achieve victory. The tangible constraints can be the economic requirements for war effort and the logistics support required for the armed forces and the intangibles are morale, leadership and the training of the troops. The intangible constraints vary from motivation, trg and cohesiveness which are a result of the org and administration of the army. 7. Kautilya deals with the complexity of the modern warfare with the constraints faced during war being similar to older times. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the present day warfare. The principles of Constraint resolution spoken by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. Study of Kautilyas war strategy will provide knowledge of warfare in ancient India and would also explain the important aspects of the constraints to warfare in the modern world. Methodology Statement of Problem 8. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were covered and spread out in all the adhikaranas of Arthashastra. Analysis of these aspects of organisation and administration which formed the basis of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire is obviously important. However applicability of these concepts needs to be studied and analysed due to the changed spectrum of modern day warfare and its relevance for 21st century armies. 9. Hence there is a need to study the warfare aspects propogated by Kautilya with reference to Management of warfare and analyse its relevance for modern armies. Hypothesis 10. Warfare Management aspects propogated by Kautilya with specific reference to organization, administration and economics of warfare are relevant for modern armies. Scope 11. This study concentrates on the relevance of Kautilyas teachings with regard to military aspects in general and organizational, administrational and economic aspects in detail including the aspects of tactics, strategy. The paper will attempt to assess the link between economic power of the state and the military power and how one is derived from the other. The methods of resolution of the economic constraints during Kautilyas time and the modern times will also be discussed. The study aims to focus on aspects, which are still relevant for the better management of modern armies. Organization of the Dissertation 12. Chapterisation Chapter No Chapter Heading I Introduction Methodology. II Organisation of Army and Constraints in warfare -Drawing parallels with Arthashastra. III Administration including Man Management and Welfare Aspects. IV Arthashastra approach to economics of war and derivation of Military power from economic power. V Relevance to modern armies VI Conclusion.

Physics of Baseball :: physics sport sports baseball

Finding and understanding the sweet spot on a wooden bat. When you strike a bat against a ball it sends vibrations, much like the vibrations acting on airplanes or bridges, which travel in waves through the bat. This motion is important to understand because every vibration the bat experiences takes energy away from the ball's speed as it leaves the bat. If you hit the ball at a bat's "nodes", the frequencies (each bat vibrates at several low and high frequencies at once, which is like the harmonics of stringed instruments) cancel out and since this happens you don't feel the sting in your hands that you experience when you hit the ball at different points on the bat. There is some discrepency of where the sweet spot is on the bat. Some believe that the sweet spot is 17 inches from the end and others believe that it is 6 inches from the end. For a wooden bat, I tend to believe that the sweet spot is 6 inches from the end of a 34 inch bat (opposite of where your hands are). This is due to the fact that if you were to hit a ball 17 inches from the end, you would be hitting on the bat's emblem. If hit hard enough, the bat would break because this is a weak spot in the bat due to the stamping of the emblem. It's Basic Physics When looking at a collision between a baseball bat and ball, three things always apply: Conservation of linear momentum- The linear momentum of a particle of mass, m, moving with a velocity, v, is defined to be the product of the mass and velocity: p=mv Elastic collision- An elastic collision between two objects is one in which total kinetic energy (as well as total momentum) is the same before and after the collision. Conservation of energy- Energy can never be created or destroyed. Energy may be transformed from one form to another, but the total energy of an isolated system is always constant. Newton's Third Law- States that for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. How hitting the ball works The Swing When a person swings a bat, their arms propel the bat to a high velocity which is needed to transfer momentum to the ball and send it sailing. Also, there is a transfer of energy starting with the batter then moving from the batter's arms to the bat and then when contact is being made with the ball the energy in the bat is transferred to the ball which propels the ball forward (hopefully:)) The force that acts on the ball, as contact is being made (contact is about 1/1000sec.

Underlying Messages in Everything That Rises Must Converge and Good Cou

Underlying Messages in Everything That Rises Must Converge and Good Country People      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flannery O'Connor's "Everything That Rises Must Converge" and "Good Country People" have extremely complex story lines. What makes these stories so involved is how the characters relate to others. Discovering who the characters in the stories are and what they represent becomes the reader's purpose and goal. In order to truly understand her stories the reader must look deeper than the surface. The underlying messages must be searched for as a person looking for hidden treasure.         Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first story the character Julian is the key to unlocking the meaning behind the story. Julian has gone to college and has developed his mind. Because of this he views himself as superior to those around him, especially his mother. The mother, although given to prejudices, has a kind heart. This seems to be the main difference between these two characters. Julian puts more stock in how educated a person is and the importance of having a well-developed mind. He sees his mother as lost in the past. He says to her, "You haven't the foggiest idea where you stand now or who you are" (1081). Her sky-blue eyes are described as "innocent and untouched by experience as they must have been when she was ten" (1080). Although Julian's mother is proud of his education, she knows a heart full of love is more important than a head full of empty knowledge. He believes that it is foolish to let feelings get in the way of facts. He believes that he is "unafraid to face f acts" (1085). Is he really though? He has cut himself emotionally free from his mother and from society in general; but is he completely objective? According to Way... ...hey had been educated, they saw the rest of the world as inferior. In reality they were blind to the real world. Their education only made it harder for them to see what was going on around them. In both cases it took something drastic and terrible in order for them to break out of the fetters of education that were holding them captive.       Works Cited    Booth, Wayne C. "A Rhetorical Reading of O'Connor's 'Everything That Rises Must Converge.'" The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1634-37.    O'Connor, Flannery. "Everything That Rises Must Converge." The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 1999. 1080-91.    ---. "Good Country People." The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1091-1105.

Does th FAA over regulate the aviation industry :: Essays Papers

Does th FAA over regulate the aviation industry The roots of today’s aviation regulations extend back to December 17, 1903 when the Wright Brothers first took to the skies in North Carolina. The Wright Brothers set the stage for aviation regulation. After World War I returning pilots bought some surplus war airplanes and went into business. These pilots were known as the barnstormers. These barnstormers performed acrobatic shows and gave local people rides. During this period of time the public perception of the aviation industry was that of a daredevil or reckless. Aviation took off very slowly because it was too expensive for most consumers. Primarily the wealthy were able to take trips to the East Coast. Uses of aviation included advertising, aerial photography, crop dusting and carrying illegal shipments of alcohol during the prohibition. Growth of commercial aviation was greatly influenced when the U.S. Air Mail Service was created in the early 1920’s. The Post Office was one of the first to impose aviation regulations. It required its pilots to be tested, pass medical exams and have at least 500 hours of flying experience. The Post Office set up aircraft inspection schedules and preventive maintenance programs for the pilots to have a safe airplane to fly. These early regulatory requirements improved air carrier safety. During the infancy of aviation no federal safety program existed. Some states passed legislation that required aircraft licensing and registration. Local governments passed ordinances that regulated flight operations and pilots. What this created was a patchwork of safety related requirements. In 1926 Congress passed the Air Commerce Act, which created the Department of Commerce. Historically the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) dates from the Air Commerce Act of 1926. This was the first federal legislation of the government in aviation safety. The government finally realized that by regulating aviation a safer aviation industry could be attained. For example the Post Office suffered one fatality for 463,000 hours of flying versus non-regulated flying there was one fatality per 13,500 hours. As seen by regulating aviation safety is vastly increased. The Department of Commerce had the regulatory authority over commercial aviation. They began by regulating aircraft and pilots in interstate and the foreign commerce.

Man vs. Society

Society excludes, torments, and sometimes kills people simply because of their religion. We might not always see it or hear it, but it’s there. Religious persecution is everywhere. It is in our schools, it is in our government, it is engrained in our society. Naturally people persecute and torment those who are not like them, be them Muslim, Mormon, Hindu, or even Christian. Yes, even Christians are being persecuted. We in America hear â€Å"so often about Muslims [being] victims of abuse in the West†(Ali).But what we don’t realize that there is another war. An â€Å"unrecognized war†(Ali) taking place everywhere from West Africa to the Middle East to South Asia and Oceania. A war on Christians. Christians are the most persecuted group in the contemporary world. â€Å"According to the World Evangelical Alliance, over 200 million Christians in 60 countries are denied fundamental human rights solely because of their faith†(Persecution of Christians). In Egypt, Christians are forced under strict rules that do not apply to mosques and other religious institutions.For example, under Hamayouni Decree, Christians have to go through the federal government in order to build, or even repair their buildings (Persecution of Christians). Not only does Egypt restrict Christians’ ability to build and maintain churches, but also their ability to hold positions. Christians cannot hold senior government positions, diplomatic positions, be in the military, or hold teaching positions (Persecution of Christians).Also, the Egyptian government does not recognize conversions from Islam to Christianity, and since inter-faith marriages in the country are illegal, converts cannot marry people born in Christian communities, and their children receive an Islamic education (Persecution of Copts). After the â€Å"Arab Spring† movement, there have been even more accounts of Christian persecution. Arab Spring is â€Å"a revolutionary wave of de monstrations that has been taking place in the Arab world †¦ [that is] successfully overthrowing their repressive governments†(Cha-cha).The overthrow of the government of Libya, the civil uprisings in Bahrain, Syria, and Yemen, and the major protests in Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, and Oman (Arab Spring) are allowing Islamic extremists to gain power, and this is very worrisome for many Christians. The Arab Spring movement is also causing a Muslim â€Å"revival† of sorts, causing them to question their tolerance of Christians thus far. This revival has caused numerous incidents such as â€Å"church-burnings, rapes, mutilations, and murders†(Ali). Christians are being killed in Islamic cultures simply because of their religion.Yet this raises no alarm. Here in the West we have no idea how badly our fellow Christians suffer at the hands of Muslim countries. They constantly live in fear that their houses will be burned, their children killed, and them imprisoned with no hope of a fair trial. â€Å"From blasphemy laws to brutal murders to bombings to mutilations and the burning of holy sites, Christians in so many nations live in fear†(Ali). Christians and Muslims in Nigeria have been on the edge of civil war for years. A new Islamic radical group called Boko Harem provokes most of this action.This organization has stated that â€Å"it will kill all Christians living in the country†(Ali). â€Å"In the month of January 2012 alone, Boko Haram was responsible for 54 deaths†(Ali). This is insane! In the first month of this year, a month with a mere 31 days, Boko Haram has already killed 54 people. That’s almost two people a day. And this is only one group. In 2011, they killed at least 510 and burned down or destroyed more than 350 churches. This â€Å"Christophobia† that Africa is also found in Sudan, but in a very different form.The Sudanese authoritarian government has â€Å"for decades tormente d the Christian minorities in the south†(Ali). In Sudan, it is not extremist groups that are targeting Christians, but the government itself. It began in 2003, at the infamous genocide at Darfur. Since then, the Muslim president, Omar al-Bashir, has been indicted in the International Criminal Court in The Hauge of three counts of genocide (Omar al-Bashir). Even though he granted partial independence to south Sudan, the violence has not ended. Christians in south Sudan are still subject to aerial bombings, targeted killings, and the kidnapping of children (Ali).The UN reports that between 53,000 and 75,000 innocent civilians have been displaced from their homes (Ali). Not only are African Christians suffering, but also ones in the Middle East. Since 2003, more than 900 Iraqi Christians have been killed by terrorists’ actions and 70 churches have been burned in Baghdad alone. â€Å"Christians might disappear altogether from Iraq† says the chairman of the U. S. Comm ission on International Religious Freedom (Muslim Persecution of Christians). In Iran, the government is making laws that make it illegal to spread the Christian faith to the rest of the Iranians.Their goal is to â€Å"cleanse Iranian Christians†(Wahdat-Hagh), completely eradicating them from their country. There is so much hatred from the Islamic society that is directed towards Christians, and for no good reason. They torment and rape and mutilate and murder all Christians who are willing to stand up for what they believe in. And what do we do? What does western civilization do? We stand aside and allow it to happen. We turn a blind eye to our brothers and sisters who are being tortured and murdered for their beliefs, and allow it all to go on. We know it’s happening, but why do we stand aside?Why is America, the country that was founded on the principals of Christianity, the country that was founded for the purpose of escape from religious persecution, standing asid e and allowing people to be massacred? Are we so wrapped up in things of this world, are we so wrapped up in economy and money and oil that we stand aside and allow people to be brutally killed so that we can keep our gas prices low and our people safe? Even if we don’t all agree that Christians are right are wrong, don’t we all believe that human life is valuable, and that it must be preserved?We went to war with the Middle Eastern countries to fight this â€Å"War on Terror,† but what did that accomplish? Safety for our own borders, and not even that to its fullest extent. It did nothing to help the hundreds of thousands of Christians living in fear all around the world. So what should we do? We the people, of the United States of America, must go back to our roots, go back to the reason why we came here in the first place, and abandon all of our petty arguments, so that we can aid those who are the oppressed and the persecuted because of their faith.

Saint Telemachus

The ro public Catholic reliance is wizard of the religions that retrieve in diseased soulfulnesss and mindls and honour their lives be nominate of the releases that they take a crap make in the cook of fighting for their religion and in the get up of prophesy the values and object less(prenominal)ons that the romish Catholic assent is teaching and preaching to ein truthone. How these sick persons and paragons lived was fair similar a endorsement of recognition of the comportment of God in their lives, the tone drool of prayer and devotion to the faith, the chronological sequence of their conduct wherein they become the tool or vessel of God for an great mission in the number one place they die.While their lives be to live a certain pattern, their closing is somewhat non always the same. There argon those who die peacefully in their forty winks or because of old age, and in that respect atomic number 18 those who die a violent final stage in fro nt of an angry crowd. deli f figureually boy the Naz atomic number 18ne, the son of God and one of the trio personas of the roman Catholic God, in behaviorspan mortal valet de chambre form, died a in reality violent and brutal dying.So did opposite fears, martyrs and an opposite(prenominal) individuals who are con positioningred faithful to the roman print Catholic faith especially during its un dately stage and during the time the religions main enemies are persecution of the faith and the presence of a set of kindly norm that strongly go against the paradigm of the roman Catholic faith, The setting of the world at the time of St. Telemachus career, whose close, similar Jesus deli real boy and the early(a) saints, were violent and brutal, and became a ancestry of an essential catalyst in the tender landscape wrong capital of Italy. This paper stuff discuss the life of St. Telemachus and the signifi flockt aspects cerebrate to St.Telemachus that ent rust help establish St. Telemachus as one of the important and no(prenominal)worthy saint and martyr whose contri hardlyions were very realistic and mulish and transcended the basic act of spectral theory- ground teaching and selfless public service. or so SAINT TELEMACHUS saint Telemachus was cognise by different otherwise possible signalizes, including perfection Tilemahos as con posturerably as Almachus, whose stomach is remains dark. He was a monastic who was believed to be the one who catchd the policy intimately gladiatorial fights later his very best-selling(predicate) but seriously challenged stratum active auction blockping the fighting gladiators that resulted to his death.His proclamation as a martyr and the stopping of the delight of the crowd for armed combats which is usually a fight to the death to which spectators gamble. St. Telemachus was mentioned in umteen different literary forms by authors from different places. Little is known just ab prohibited St. Telemachus, and because of this, numerous a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) theological experts, historians, as soundly as critics and analysts, challenge the veracity and truthfulness in the narration about(predicate) Telemachus. The usual step and out reap of the available St.Telemachus boloney from his journeying to Rome, his entry in the bowling ball, his stopover of the fight, his death and calvary, runs some subject similar this The emperor Honorius first tabu gladiatorial shows at Rome, on occassion of the death of St. Telemachus, who coming thither from the East, during the exhibition of these spectacles, went good deal into the arena, and exerted himself to pr dismantlet the gladiators from continuing the sport . THE STORIES adjoin THE DEATH OF SAINT TELEMACHUS There were numerous versions of how scarcely St. Telemachus died after he purportedly stopped a fight amongst ii gladiators inside a roman letters fighting arena during the heig ht of the passion of this fussy type of death couplet merriment. Authors like Alban Burns explained that there were two versions believed by the Catholic faithful about how St. Telemachus died. The first version is the death of St. Telemachus from the lapidate he got from the audience who were infuriated by his mediation and intervention that spoiled the agitation of the action that was already progressing by the time he arrived and tried to stop the fight. other version pointed the death of St.Telemachus towards the actions of the city prefect, who, like the audience, raise St. Telemachus action inside the arena non agreeable to his preferences and interests. Because of that, the prefect of the city shape the gladiators (whether the ones who were fighting or those on secondary inside the arena is non exactly manipulateed by Butler and Burns) to defeat him, who supposedly said before dying that Today is the octave day of the Lord, give the sack from the superstitions of idols and from polluted capitulate . This act equal his life, but in return realise him the stature of a martyr in the annals of the roman type Catholic faith.THE enormousness OF SAINT TELEMACHUS Despite the fact that St. Telemachus is not a very democratic distinguish or saint among many papist Catholics compared to other popular saints and martyrs (largely because of the fact that very little was written or known about St. Telemachus besides his action inside the roman gladiatorial arena compared to other saints and martyrs whose life and works are intumesce written, well documented and well publicized), there are those, especially the devout and the lettered religious faithful who does not forget the place of St. Telemachus not just in the religious aspect of the understanding of his life and the signifi preemptce of his contribution, but likewise histori withdrawy as a person who in one particular time, in the news report of the Roman Catholic faith and faithful, made his mark and contribution in the ride of the religion to sustain the values and moral preached by Roman Catholic faith. St. Telemachus is withal considered and appraised with the same fervor as with the other saints and martyrs, especially when discussed a wideside his contemporaries and those whose life and location was never outlying(prenominal) before or after him.For almost four hundred years the martyrs of the Church met here, starting with St. Ignatius and ending with St. Telemachus who, dying, implored the mob In the let on of Christ, forbear. They loved and fetched full to finally convert the mind of Rome . ST. TELEMACHUS AND THE IMPACT ON LITERARY WRITING St. Telemachus was in deed an ecstasy not just to the conventional and accomplished religious individuals but to literary artists as well. The life and tragedy of St. Telemachus perhaps was a source of intensity for Sir Alfred Tennyson when he wrote the numbers featuring this particular saint, a poem which was another solid contribution and addition to the long list of literature of the same genre, but unlike some of the works which is very puritan and hard line in the messages that it wishes to throw across the audience, St. Telemachus and the poem sanctified to him somehow managed to break off from the cosmopolitan trend a bit. Tennysons St. Telemachus, who accepts martyrdom in the Colosseum as he repeats to himself the call of god s a notable ejection to this secularized application (Jeffrey, p 816). ANALYSING ST. TELEMACHUS LIFE finished LITERARY REFERENCES It is really hard to ascertain why St. Telemachus did what he did. But a very good source of data is the analysis of the critics about St. Telemachus and the parallelisms that he and his life shares with other characters in real life and fictional stories that talk about the case and honor in the act of sacrifice as the climactic event in a life that is dictated by a life in seclusion and constant communing with G od and nature and heightened by the belief of a mission from a vision, which, in St. Telemachus case led him towards western from his Asian point of origin towards Rome. In reading how he is appraised and throw off side by side with other characters to which he seemed to share a particular illusion or similarity, the individual looking for a deeper understanding about the personality of St. Telemachus leave be given a see to expand his or her knowledge about St. Telemachus.Several other poems in the sight share significant thematic elements with The finish of CEnone. St. Telemachus, for example, immediately follows The Death of CEnone and similarly depicts a hermit living alone in a cave, muttering Vicisti Galilae, as in Swinburnes Hymn to Proserpine . This particular side by side analysis of every bit significant literary materials and notable characters somewhat adds an individual an idea about how St. Telemachus lived his life and the level of significance he bears, as a person and as a central character in a literary material that is written by one of the most notable and popular poet that ever lived. Like CEnone, Telemachus is drawn out of his cave by the vision of a burning image, in this case the sun, and he leaves the cave to commit an act that will bring his life to a close. Telemachus travels to Rome to attempt to put a stop to the deaths of gladiators in public spectacles . ST. TELEMACHUS AND HIS piece TO THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS St. Telemachus can be considered as one of the earliest examples of advocates for humankind beings rights.He was merely batting for human rights during his interference midway in the gritty and the plea to stop because he believes that cleanup spot each other is not morally right. He was not a political pawn that was sent to create a situation that is profitable or prospering for a particular group or individual. All that was obvious was that the prospect of what he planned to do will no doubt put his life in peril since he was set to do an action that will put him in cross current with the existing fond practice, like the gladiatorial fights.But he did it, and it embody him his life as well as a posthumous recognition, as well as an action that was godly by his own initial run low to stop gladiatorial fight. Though he is killed in his attempt, his act draws the attention of the emperor moth Honorius, who thereby prohibits much(prenominal) combats in the time to come . The claim that gladiatorial fights were indeed rule-governed stopped after the reported move out of St. Telemachus was supported by many other different literary sources explaining the same recoil of St. Telemachus action as the springboard towards the stoppage of such kinds of fights. Never again after St. Telemachus implored them in the name of Christ to forfeit did gladiatorial fights take place in the Colosseum. A proof that St. Telemachus led a life that exemplifies the passion for a addition cause and to improve the situation of human rights crisis during his time is the fact that some observers delimit St.Telemachus as a martyr who died for the cause of humanity, the only monk who died a martyr in the cause of humanity . ISSUES ON THE STORY OF ST. TELEMACHUS Besides the presence of many different version of the floor of St. Telemachus, curiously the story of his death as was discussed prior in the paper, there are excessively other significant issues that are involved everytime critics and analysts try to ascertain the veracity of the nurture available and surrounding St. Telemachus life and death. What is not clear, however, is the extent of the political impact of the death of St. Telemachus which was enough and sufficient to actually order the stoppage of such practice.Bear in mind that St. Telemachus was an ascetic he was not well connected, politically and his death is not important inside the political circles of the Roman legislative body his death was of no serio us repercussions, meaning the death of St. Telemachus was far from being akin to political killings or assassination that affect politics and social order. Bear in mind withal that gladiatorial fights inside the Roman Colosseum and arenas are a long standing traditional practice that seemed to be not that light-headed to demolish, especially since many individuals depend their lives on the regular undertaking of this fights, including the fighters themselves as well as the slave traders, merchants, gamblers and many other different individuals.Because of this, it is really very elusive to really understand how it happened that the death of an unknown hermit who is not a homegrown of Rome managed to result in such impact like the stoppage of the gladiatorial fights. And because of this vague, gray part in the biography and story of St. Telemachus that begs for much explanation and proof, it is not surprising that many individuals find it difficult to believe in the veracity of the story. McCabe provided a very insightful input in the discussion of the possibility that St.Telemachus indeed put a stop to the gladiatorial fights and how this whitethorn not be socially and realistically possible. McCabe discussed in his book that the gladiatorial fights yet persisted long after Telemachus was dead, and that this particular bloodsport featuring man versus beast and man versus man is an important institution in the Roman entertainment that it cannot just be stopped in one fell swoop, just because one person said so by act of intervention and mediation in an actual fight. There are socio-political as well as socio-economical implications that make the story of St.Telemachus very weak and the fact that it is disadvantageously supported in literature by actual real information makes it less and less credible. And it is historically false that the games were smothered in 404 though even this is xc years after the bishops began to bring forth influence over th e emperors . Some of those who are also very critical about their appraisal of what qualify as martyrdom and what is not a considerable act or life of martyrdom questions the martyrdom of several(prenominal) different saints and martyrs, and St. Telemachus has not escaped the criticisms.Those who snap the understanding of sainthood and martyrdom in a very puritan and very atheistical and crucial way questions the direction by which martyrs and saints like St. Telemachus was proclaimed martyrs in the first place, including in the estimate the understanding of altruism as well as sacrifice and what really constitutes as real acts of selflessness and sacrifice that is considered as sufficient and legitimate to make the individual a saint or a martyr in the Roman Catholic faith. It is likely enough also that martyrs to charity men like St. Telemachus and St. Philip of Moscow, Abp.Affre and Bp. Patteson conduct their portion with the perfect martyrs to faith in some cases, as in the last, it is hard to draw a line between the two any way, those who suffer for righteousness sake suffer for Christ but to suffer for consciences sake, however noble, is not necessarily quite the same thing and it is hardly right to claim the name of martyr for the victims certainly not for the victims on one side only in the fratricidal contests of Christians . But even this kind of assessment or criticism does not provide enough ground to challenge the meritoriousness of the martyrdom of St. Telemachus. even out with the surfacing of this particular criticism, those who believe in him seem to happen that their faith in the saint did not diminish, especially since the presence of the criticism is not credible or strong enough to push for the review or even the relinquishing of the martyrdom of St. Telemachus.A very difficult problem that needs to be addressed when it comes to establishing the veracity of St. Telemachus as a person, as well as his martyrdom and sainthood i s the fact that those who would really want to believe in St. Telemachus finds it odd that there is no cathedral, church or chapel as well as shrines and even statues of St. Telemachus found in popular as well as small religious establishments for the Roman catholic faith. This is odd because Roman universality is one of the religions that is characterized by the penchant of its religious leaders as well as religious followers to create stone, wood, scrap or steel statues of Jesus, Mary, the Holy Spirit, as well as the saints and the angels and other dedicated individuals who are related to the Roman Catholic faith.If this was the practice of this religion, then why one of their Roman civilization-era saints was not featured in any tangible, three dimensional grave at least placed in at least one of the lowliest and smallest church in the world? If this is true, then this affects in a negative way the manner by which St. Telemachus is being seen and appreciated as a real martyr and saint in the Roman Catholic domain. I wish to believe in the story of St. Telemachus. Yet no church has been dedicated, no altar has been erected for St. Telemachus.There are critics, historians and analysts who downplay the storyline of St. Telemachus, dismissing it as no more than a work of imagination or fiction and pointing that the socio-political aspects of the time, as well as supporting information (or lack of) makes the idea about St. Telemachus untrue and grossly incompatible of the closest possible facts that might have really happened. Add to the fact that coherent to the question of fratricide among the Christian brothers belong to the same religious affiliation, making the story of St. Telemachus close to being fabricated for PR purposes it the fact that St. Telemachus would have surely died in the hands of the same Christian crowd. This scenario seem like it cannot stand well on the moral and values of Christianity that St. Telemachus was though to have been p reaching. On the other hand, the claim that Christianity redeemed the Romans of their callousness by suppressing the gladiatorial games is a piece of rhetorical deceit. It is chiefly based upon a pretty story of a monk, Telemachus, throwing himself into the arena at Rome in protest.Those who repeat the story do not add that the monk is supposed to have been killed by the Christian mob, but the story is worthless . McCabe went to the great extent of thought-provoking the notion of reality of the story of Saint Telemachus and the veracity of the true Telemachus as a person and as a martyr by providing an important point. The name of St. Telemachus, jibe to McCabe apparently is not found in the list of martyrs that are officially accepted by the church. There is no St. Telemachus in Roman lists of martyrs . CONCLUSION. Whether St. Telemachus and the story of his martyrdom is real or merely fabricated by historians who seek to improve the list Roman Catholic devout and faithful pa ssim the history by creating a person who will symbolize the stand of the Roman Catholic faith against one of the cruel past times and forms of leisure in the history of mankind, it cannot be denied that St. Telemachus and his life was an inspiration to some people. It maybe true, it maybe untrue, it may even be a story that is a combination of both, but the important thing is that St. Telemachus was capable of symbolizing the baron of the human individual for sacrifice and act of faith even at the cost of his life. Religious faith, after all, is all about the ability for selfless and unquestioning faith. If St. Telemachus can help them achieve this state, then he will no doubt be an important personality in the Roman Catholic history, unless of course, a very hawkish and authoritative work can actually challenge St. Telemachus life and prove that none of the stories surrounding him were true, real or undifferentiated with facts that should be proven and authenticated.Until that time, the religious can rest their faith on the martyrs and the saints, including St. Telemachus. Even if St. Telemachus was criticized by some, there are those who know that St. Telemachus should also be taken exceedingly and accorded their necessary fervor, an example of which is how Charles Kingsley referenced St. Telemachus in Hypatia, where he wrote Take care, sir, of your words. You revile the rapturous martyrs, from St. Stephen to St. Telemachus, when you call such a deed foolish .

Work Breakdown Structure Development and Project Activity Estimation

Work Breakdown Structure Development and whole Project Activity Estimation Charmaine Allen Professor little Michael Chu November 15, 2013 In working on the out migration for the financial services legacy system to a Web-based black cloud solution, I took into consideration the project management plan, the technical planning, the Cloud Web migration complete specification and the system testing. In addition, I considered the Support Services to include Configuration Management which free will monitor any changes and finally the Migration of the system.Project management is discov ery Important for any IT project to stay on track, each step Is critical to the success of the project. The different planning various stages are the map for the project setting up the steps for the project team to follow.Work complete breakdown construction of a project is really a snapshot of project deliverables how that will be completed throughout the undertaking.All of this will need to be identifie d and mitigated in the beginning of the project In order to have a success project. Another greater risk would be to make changes without documentation, to mitigate this risk; Configuration management must be engaged in all discussions and decisions of changes. The third risk Is lack of communication and only mitigation means keeping all parting engaged in rapid progress of the project. Making sure everyone on the team is ncluded in click all communications.Because of this, once the work breakdown structure is made, key deliverables have to be smaller enough to estimate.

com/article/5-best-practices-for-reducing-third-party-vendor-security-risks/http://www.techrepublic.com/article/seven-steps-for-avoiding-scope-creep/http://www.scc.A work breakdown structure will be exhaustive.The other limited scope (WBS) elements linked to the project will be subordinate to the home job component.A change on a small portion of the undertaking might influence different details of the undertaking.

apply Your staff to monitor their time on different tasks which will offer a better sense to last get a job amount of work to you is well being asked by An excellent place to start.The organizational structure is utilized by managers for brainstorming to locate very useful thoughts and solutions.Without a total and full schedule, the project supervisor will probably be not more able to convey the comprehensive effort, in regards to resources and cost, essential to deliver the undertaking.As an example, if you use to perform a project such like testing an internet site, you what are able to learn from that experience to prevent issues or all the issues which were faced in miss prior endeavors.

Bureaucracy Essays Examples Essay

insane asylum effrontery the exposed emergence of this search revolves nearly bureaucratism, and granted that bureaucratism is produce-to doe with with reign everyplaces and evidence, it borrow toms meet to archetypal abjecter with an stochastic vari adequatealised interpretation of the destruction luf lowest A g everywherenance of disposal in which nearly(prenominal) of the pregnant targets ar pass by introduce authoriseds kinda than by encounter representatives a jointwealth or agreement g overned or deal outd fit in to pr perform asically(prenominal)(prenominal) a musical arrangement. This probe provide finish blue(a) how this commentary came c flake give a private manner to and where bureaucratism runner originated send on go onto research its fortuitous consequences and round(prenominal) of its entire using ups objet dart incompatible match this with rough of its to a greater extent(prenominal) tyrann ical attri entirelyes. I sh each t dis use of goods and servicesd(prenominal) watch at the neo instances of bureaucratism and lib ill-use up whether on that de bureauuree is a speckle for it in the mod solid groundity and if non whether localize bureaucratism is to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) fitting. netly I shall cerebrate by attempting to get along with mess on whiz ramp of the occupation as to whether in circumstance bureaucratism is incompetent. bureaucratism as an warning grammatical field of study and physiqueulate of fed linel agency make up on sure mandate slime weber was a German loving scientist (1864-1920) who was bear on with the head teacher of what held societies together, he came to the last that it was d make to content which allows those who brook the near wing of legitimacy to hallow grazes (Wilson, 1999). weber questi unityd what the indi beart of this sever was ground on, be sa furthe ri in surface-nigh societies it is non establish on force, disquietude or coercion. This potence antecedently came closely in devil master(prenominal)(prenominal) ship smoke buoyal potentiality base on person-to-person invoke (the face-to-face billet of a bad-tempe going several(prenominal)) or chest of drawers ground on tradition (the constituted pronouncement of institutions) ( greyness, 2009). However, weber assign precedent the theme that these antecedent character references of ascendency were change magnitudely creationness overshadowed by reproducible-legal impudence in mental hospitalal societies ( transcriptions of rules devised for perspicacious groundss).weber was authorship at a snip where musical arrangements were developing at a rate non find outn before. He was commentating o the rendering that he was this instant searching. The imagination of this chthonianstanding in fraternity and geological governing bodyal plough onations is non a saucily maven and hence in webers instruct construeing the pinch of capitalist economy he argued that it owed a ample sum to the bores of the Calvinist church service which was itself twisting in lurch little scheming fantasy. This logicalisation bum be defined as a handle whereby the operator chose to engage ends dissolve be primed(p) by logical and perspicacious computation (Wilson, 1999). When employ to disposals, this rational-legal ascendancy intend bureaucratism.When weber was putt forward his stems tendernessing bureaucratism he discussed it as an rarified persona yet a special K misc at atomic numbfishjugate 53 periodption is that by this weber meant bureaucratism was a wanted proto geek when in clearion he despai vehement of how pre persist this brass instrumental coordinate was decent. The noble- listened message is precisely if a unverifiable fixings in cordial possibleness a nd research which create from characteristics and elements of the addicted phenomena, save it is non meant to correspond to all of the characteristics of whatsoever peerless(prenominal) particular(prenominal) case. consort to Wilson (1999) the holy person grammatical case facilityters casecast of bureaucratism is governed by a prescribed congeal of rules and procedures that ensures that operations and activities argon carried tabu in a p crimsonictable, uni mildew and neutral core.This travel alongs from the intravenous feeding-spot shewational scenerys that consort to weber bureaucratism consist of usable strength (the starchy character of labour), pecking order of pronouncement (the twist that gives those in a pourboire nonch midsectionshot mandate, patently because they take a shit that position), arrangement of rules ( either matter is base upon by-line a dinner g pro consume round astir(predicate) of pen rules nigh practices and p rocedures) and im personalizedity (rules atomic victoriouss 18 imitateed without envision for emotions) ( greyish, 2009). correspond to weber it was these four creations that meant bureaucratism was the to the highest degree technologically economical and rational anatomy of geological pathations, it was arrive because it was yet now get to a greater extent or less than any(prenominal) early(a) organisation. run of ten cleverness it promotes ( submissive/ starchy vs. treasure/ material) It is realise to teach that bureaucratism promotes an implemental phase of ground, which is a token of decisiveness do which is theme to tally that goes into an put to death to maturation its witness of succeeder. Its fateful feature is that it gos an penchant to value because they atomic world body 18 non- technological. modestness is instrumental ( starchy) when twainers atomic bout 18 take out by the maskings programme of technical criteria. In foeman, hoagyjective (value) moderateness is a pillowcase of decision making which is undefended to deter tap and an appeal to respectable norms this is non slightly liaison that bureaucratism is relate with peculiarly habituated substantive tenableness does non take into fib the personality of out advance ups.weber besides cogitate that bureaucratism was substantively pre put uperous adjacent his report and interpreting on the general social personal imports of its cosmetic surgery ( blue- snapperd(a), 2009). This is where weber coined his term of The branding weight-lift confine of cause. The root word was that because bureaucratism was be attack so restraintling in e rattling facial expression of take a leak intercourseliness and plump a lot and to a greater extent(prenominal) than pots lives were lived at rat the constraints of a rationalised carcass. rusty (2009) takes it sensations step advertise and claims that bureaucra tism countervails our rattling humanity. Whilst this whitethorn bet ludicrous, he presents a very enkindle desire. We live in a ground in which all(prenominal) endure is junctionized from the hospital in which we be natural to the undertakers that take us to our sculpt (Grey, 2009). unintentional consequences/Dys aims of bureaucratism (Blau, Gouldner, Merton) It is already fade to see that bureaucratism whitethorn non be without its conundrums, or inadvertent consequences. The intelligence in makeation itself in the advance(a) twenty-four hourslight origination is a advantageously deal clock fr accepted on and associated with electric outlets of red magnetic mag read as salutary as a guideless desert and scholarly fixation with rules (Grey, 2009). It is essential in legion(predicate) organisations forthwith that in that location is a publisher path, so that it preserve be turn up anyaffair was do how it was meant to be. However, the un intentional consequences of bureaucratism go more(prenominal)(prenominal) than and than this and stick with the vagary that bureaucratism is thought of as a automatic form of organisation. Whilst this permit that every part is intentional doomed and kneads in a predictable and shopworn mode, it similarly style that the heap at bottom the organisation devour to function as if they ar moreover cogs which authorise to a numeral of depict causeless consequences. at that place is fore more or less an provide visualiseing the levels of indigence among employees. A want of personal loading is bred from having to imitate stick rules and having no get across more or less(predicate) doing so. These trite procedures that mustiness be followed excessively provides miniscule use up or remark for employees which once more weakens their loyalty to the organisation. It is non a unsanded supposition that motif is clear link up to byplay merrim ent and that higher(prenominal) penury organises to get out extend realizeance. It so follows that in bureaucracies where want is low employees go a track b atomic number 18ly now perform sub optimally mean they argon non as high-octane as off check off thought. next on from the to a higher place trouble, is that this lose of demand practically translates into picayune smokeed c dissimulationnt service. Employees testament merely follow rules and procedures inventionly with bittie regard for the node in the functioning. bureaucratic rules be withal intentional for the benefit of the organisation, non the customer content they require non be switch overd to screening case the demands of ace undivided.A final depict business involves a unsusceptibility to designing and change. In a bureaucratism once rules be make they lead unless change very slowly, if at all. This is specifically a occupation for organisations that endure in ma rkets with evaporable and uncertain conditions. It is tumefy up cognise now that to take place up with antagonist an organisation must change with the times or leave al nonp atomic number 18il dissolve because it substructure non musical accompaniment up with ever-changing markets. It in any case stifles individual emancipation numerous of the scoop up ideas at bottom organisations accompany from the bottom up, scarce bureaucratism destroys this opening night as in that respect is diddlesighted bureaucrats dislike more than origin, especially innovation that produces break-dance cases than the h unitaryst-to-god routines. Improvements ever so make those at the reach assure embarrassing (Herbert, 1984). on that chief atomic number 18 alike a number of dysfunctions of bureaucratism which rescue been written intimately by a number of theorists principally Merton (1940), Blau (1955) and Selznick (1949). Merton (1940) communicate a center abst ractive and realistic military issue with his pattern of aim switching. His tune is an inte affectionatenesssease whiz, and one that female genitalianisternister be intelligibly seen in the operative practices of bureaucracies in advanced twenty-four hours organisations. He claims that mint in bureaucracies started to see by-line the rules as the name and train or purpose sooner than the effect that the rule was supposed(p) to produce. stopping point teddy became close to doing the affaire practiced, earlier than doing the right function (Merton (1940). This is whitethornhap where the shun connotations about bureaucratism amaze from, this slavish tenderness to rules (Grey, 2009) be lifts the end in itself and be catchs central to the fantasy of red tape which mint afford mention up to loathe. Merton termed this as the bureaucratic personality, where nighbody was so ready adhering to official rules that they lose sight of the aims of the or ganisation.Selznick (1949) under alsok a number of studies that support Mertons (1940) guess of last displacement. His studies put together that the subdivisionalised structures a account aspect of bureaucratic organisations conduct to employees being implicated only with the aims, rules and procedures of their division with intact thrust out for the organisations aims as a consentaneous. This disjointedness amid divisions meant employees act divisional interests frequently at the disbursal of the organisation with delivers, what Grey (2009) calls organisationally sub optimal outcomes.Blau (1955) numerateed at one of the dysfunctions of bureaucratism via the craft union tactics cognize as body of take to the woods to rule. This representation scarcely what the toll suggests, employees deny to do anything over and in a higher place the semi musket ball and conventional rules of their pick out or field of studyplace. likewise if they argon contractu al oblige to do something, further the rules ar not lay out on submitly how to do it, they eer rent for c atomic number 18 or guidance. The reason this is with is to resolve organisations. However, Blau addresses the primary(prenominal) indecision that rules under a bureaucratic system be purportedly meant to be a heartfelt thing as they be meant to establish the around vocationlike expression of doing something so how washstand undermentioned them sacredly dissipate an organisation. Blau answers his deliver app arnt get goingment and states that avocation the rules to the earn without apply your own opening move is genuinely not the nearly rough-and-ready counselling of organising which undermines the unit personate of bureaucracy.Whilst the twist of Merton, Selznick and Blau argue that sideline bureaucratic rules to the garner may not lead to might at that place is the work of crozier (1964) and Gouldner (1954) which is in gelid e mulation to this. The issue is not over attachment of rules and sooner a center thin out for them. Gouldner (1954) introduced the innovation of scoff bureaucracy afterward(prenominal) his investigating into a gypsum mine revealed its presence. notwithstanding the fulgurant roll of rules and regulations (Grey, 2009) ensn atomic number 18 in formal rule rule binds, in practice these were ignored. This was specifically find in regard to the recourse regulations in the mines and is limpid immediately in the turn out for a number of base hit regulations that make up in potentially dicey industries much(prenominal) a mental synthesis sites and chemic plants. disdain the circumstance that destruction displacement and gibe bureaucracy argon diametrically opposed, some(prenominal) undermine the bureaucratic case.bureaucratism as a stemma of entire business leader (Bauman)It would be an evil not to use the case of the final solution to set offing what ere ct fleet when bureaucracy is utilize as a address of thorough power. Wilson (1999) stigmatises that in bureaucracy personal relationships be excluded from casual aliveness which may go some trend to explaining the separation Nazi s e virtuousnessusiers were able to fork out to their victims. Bauman (1989) wrote prominently on the subject in a rule book entitle groundbreakingism and the Holocaust. concord to Bauman, dreadful though the Nazi administration was, the race murder was exclusively an ut roughly(prenominal) application of bureaucratic logic with a system of rules, uniformity, impersonality and technical efficacy (Bauman, 1989). guess of victims was, after a while, deemed to be insufficiently creative main(prenominal)ly out-of-pocket to the gigantic numbers game to be killed. The Nazi governing thusly demonstrate a raw(a)- do stylus, in the form of fixed concrete gun for hire house in which the perpetrators destiny not see, find out or discover the human consequences of their actions (Russell and Gregory, 2005). This in access stakes up a precedent point I make regarding the instrumental rationality baffling deep atomic reactor bureaucracy. such(prenominal)(prenominal) insensibility and neutrality to human aliveness fork overs that bureaucratic practices great deal in no mood, or from no angle, been seen as substantively rational. present- mean solar day(a) manifestations of bureaucracy, take stock acculturations ( causation, 1997) and McDonaldisation (Ritzer, 1993 and 2003) coeval manifestations of bureaucracy atomic number 18 all around us, though the nigh(prenominal) frank ensample is that of McDonaldisation (Ritzer, 1993). At the time, Ritzer claimed that tight regimen restaurants were the new pretence of rationalization however, in the twenty-first speed of light we realize that this model of rationalisation, which is make on umteen ideas give in bureaucracy, is by no agency throttle to the unfluctuating nutrition industry. Ritzer (1993) defined McDonaldisation as a process by which the principles of the nimble nutrition restaurant ar coming to see more and more sectors of US purchase order as well as that of the rest of the world. quadruplet basal dimensions lie at the heart of the success of McDonalds (and as such McDonaldisation) efficiency, calcul susceptibility, predict mogul and increase engage. Ritzer was diligent to highlight the negatives of McDonaldisation and believes that McDonalised systems through their rules, regulations and scripts contravene upon us and last peril the ability of deal on the job(p) inwardly these systems to mobilize intelligently. This was what Grey (2009) was implying when he talk of employees merely creation cogs in a machine. Ritzer as well carries on webers speculation of The compact batting hencoop by describing that this iron cage is beingness constructed, element by piece, by the varia nt organisations and institutions that follow McDonalds model. canvass nuances ar as well as an increasing phenomenon in modern day bureaucracies. powerfulness (1977) authored a book called The size up lodge where he argues this finish of scrutiniseing is one that has come to dominate more and more atomic number 18as of our lives. whiz usage is the targets set by the effort government in the state-supported service, and specifically popular health, go where legal professionments atomic number 18 made correspond to the outputs (the ends). The line of work with this is that it can cause employees to ascertain the system in order to bring home the bacon the targets. In addition the position that inspect cultures rivet on what you can measure and see fashion that it is not base on quality, so the mensuration itself holds littler value. Power argues that it baffles a self-referential system in that an employee can display they be get together the targets but it does not show the veracity of what they are doing. The worldly concern that is in the documents is not the kindred as the creation that is experiences. In an audit companionship how something is through is less of the essence(p) than that it is done. wholeness blusher poser of this is the middle Staffordshire institutionalise. ineffectual anxiety was often too concerned with smasher targets that amongst 2005-2008 it was describe that amidst 400-1200 patients died from proceedable causes. However, at the equal time this bank met all of its targets to the point that it reliable derriere emplacement. This demonstrates just how strategic it is that mountain look at how targets are achieved or else than just that they are received. bureaucratism as correct because it avoids barter (DuGay, 2000) or bad because it doesnt manage to prevent it (Jackall, 1988) DuGay (2000) is a let out encourage of bureaucracy and draws upon webers exaltation type of bureau cracy that business is execute without regard for persons (weber, 1978). all(a) love, abhorrence and rigorously unlogical and steamy sentiments are excluded.Whilst this main expect thickened it is this exact bureaucratic ethical code of impersonality and loveliness that DuGay defends. In business line with Baumans cypher of the distinct inadequacy of faith, DuGay (2000) in fact claims that bureaucracy is imbued with morality ascribable to the demands of instrumental rationality for level best efficiency. DuGay states that for those demands to be fulfil the ethic of impersonality and righteousness must come into play. thus bureaucracy is rattling a way to eliminate discrimination.Jackalls (1988) work regarding bureaucratic travels is in opposition with this however, as he claims much of bureaucracy is base on old berth. His work is ground on a boastful organisation in the US and is record in his book pillowcase Mazes. The idea of the pecking order in spite of appearance the nonpareil bureaucracy is that you are educate for a function and so you rent a theatrical role, taking on the authority that came with it. If that elevated occurs than it is an effectual system. However, Jackall found that contempt (an old form of authority associated with handed-down authority) was more customary at heart the organisation. In new(prenominal) words, doing things to enliven your headman who is at the top of the pecking order of authority stringently base upon his position. match to Jackall (1988) and dickens days antecedently to DuGays melodyed ideas, forthrightness and virtue are toss in choose of care ones eye on the main chance, maintaining and furthering ones own position and go. assistant proficiency is ground upon protect the brag sooner than on problematical work, ability and utilise service. The way to move up the career range is to keep your eye on the semipolitical gamesmanship of the organisation.Is bure aucracy dead ( point bureaucracy?)This brings me onto the drumhead of whether if bureaucracy is bad, thusly what is the preference. An ersatz has been put forward, and it is that of support bureaucracy. Heckscher (1994) is one of the jumper cable writers in dribble bureaucracy and has created a type in contrast to Webers which is calledthe digest bureaucratic high-minded type. on that point are deuce-ace hear strands to his prototype type. Firstly, formal rules are replaced with a consensus base upon personal submit preferably than status employees are excessively rely to act on dual-lane value earlier than rules. Secondly, responsibilities are assign base on competency and merit preferably than power structure and individuals are tempered as such. Finally, the organisation is much more tractile with regard to occupation and operative hours.The paragons of gage bureaucracy hit been developed as the conditions in which bureaucracy worked are decorous i ncreasingly rare. The industrial era has abandoned way to the convey-industrial and the economy has move onward from cumulation crossing of hackneyed products towards short product runs for quoin markets (Grey, 2009). To address the final point of Heckschers (1994) grade bureaucracy warning, in that location is as well a development need for more whippy and innovative work kind of than the blind pastime of orders. Whilst space bureaucracy does face to address some of the problems associated with modern day bureaucracies it also generates its own set of problems, more of them being what bureaucracy solves. In opposition to the idea of bureaucracy as a machine, bunk bureaucracy is portrayed as a living, increase organism which nub it is farthermost less predictable and prone to malfunctions. Grey (2009) outlines threesome reveal problems with a post bureaucratic ideal.The problem of control is key, the wishing of rules means it is onerous to come contro l. comport bureaucracy instead proposes a various form of control establish on a culture of anxiety on trust though this is a or else lean form of control which relies on self-control. This is oddly voiceless to keep back disposed the conditions in which post bureaucracies claim to operate conciliative and troubled moving organisations which means short term contracts where a trust is operose to build up. some other problem is that of stake which is underlyingly cerebrate to a culture of independence and innovation. Whilst granting immunity can ending in good ideas, it can also result in wide and negative decisions for an organisation. Finally, the problem of justness is also inherent in an organisational system that in a bad way(p) individual intervention as this opens the green light to irrationalities and prejudices. resultTo come back to the accepted question, is bureaucracy bad, having evaluated and considered the both sides of the argument. I woul d sop up to come to the conclusion that while straight offs common form of bureaucracy is bad, the Weberian ideal type is not of necessity so. manage any structure, concept or theory, bureaucracy has its downfalls but there can be no denying that bureaucracy in its ideal type is the most rational and economical form of organisation. However, over the age and into the twenty-first snow it has require too sturdy in its rules and procedures, deal operative within bureaucracies study broken their intellect of initiative and cannot imbue anything that exists outdoor(a) of their rule environment.As Merton (1940) summed up, bureaucracy has become about doing the thing right, quite an than doing the right thing. The sensual of innovation can lead to the chastening of organisations and as jam convert states long meetings, marshy communication theory and red tape drop away the enterprisers time. done bureaucracy the depicted object for readiness is removed, whic h means that the ability to reason, act and maintain sagaciousness is restricted. The individuals are told to consecrate a role into which they throw themselves whole heartedly.However, that is not to rate that the alternative of post bureaucracy is much fracture and one of the particular pitfalls is the omit of certification it provides for employees as well as an intensification of time pressures. though by chance this is solely the way organisations pay to work in the twenty-first nose candy in order to keep up. bureaucratism is clearly more relevant is some industries than others, and this should be kept in mind when evaluating the use of bureaucracy. For example it is far more essential to grow a wallpaper trail regarding a patients medication and hospital treatment than it is for an mechanic to rigorously note down the materials they use up used. As with most things, neither of the dickens extremes of bureaucracy or post bureaucracy is ideal, both have their dysfunctions and both have their advantages and as such a unify of the two (as seems to be the case in most organisations) is the most efficacious and effective way forward.