BIO 345 - Topic Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BIO 345 - Topic Paper - Essay Example n of human bosom malignant growth cells by upregulating ZNF703 expression†, Yongguo et al (2015) focus on a lncRNA SPRY-4-IT1 which has a nearby relationship with disease. Nimble 4-IT1 or SPRY-4 intronic transcript 1 is very nearly 708 basepair long non-coding RNA which is available on a locus in chromosome 5. The lncRNA SPRY-4-IT1 was concentrated completely and it was seen that this specific item was exceptionally communicated in melanoma cells. To comprehend the job of this quality and the relationship of the gen with bosom disease, Yongguo et al directed a clinical report. The tissue to be considers was gathered from 48 patients who had experienced careful bosom malignant growth resection Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical, China between 2012-2013. The 48 distinctive bosom malignant growth cell lines were taken, RNA was separated from them and quantitative converse transcriptase PCR was performed on every one of tests gathered. Addition and loss of capacities strategy was embraced to comprehend the job of the quality in-vitro. Utilizing microarray bioinformatics examination of the potential targets was registered. These outcomes were additionally confirmed utilizing different strategies, for example, salvage tests, western blotching and quantitative converse transcriptase polymerase chain response techniques. The outcomes show that up guideline of the SPRY4-IT1 happens which was far over that in the typical bosom tissues. The analysts likewise found a nearby relationship between the declaration of the quality and the size of the tumor. Pathologically, it was seen that the quality was likewise communicated ahead of time instances of bosom malignant growth. The specialists saw that when this specific quality was wrecked, the multiplication of the threatening bosom cells was radically diminished and apoptosis in the destructive cells was additionally instigated. Utilizing computational techniques and other wet research facility strategies the objective of the quality was perceived to be ZNF703 quality. ZNF703 is a bosom malignancy oncogene which helps in the guideline of ordinary cell division in the cells and

My Long March Essay Example For Students

My Long March Essay The Critique of My Long March Lang. 3750 100 Dr. Xiaojun Wang The Critique of My Long March In my group, on July first, we viewed a film titled, My Long March, which was recorded in territory China. This film utilized 110,000 group/entertainers and traversed more than 6,000 miles of the chronicled Red Army course. This film was made so as to comparable the Seventieth commemoration of the Long March. This movie was coordinated by Zhai Jungie and created by August First Film Studio in 2006. Zhai Jungie coordinated a prior film titled, Axis of War, and My Long March is expected to be a continuation of the storyline. The main on-screen characters in the film were Zhong Qiu, Wang Ying and Wang Jia. This film won the Golden Rooster Award for best supporting on-screen character and was selected in 6 different classes. The story revolves around a kid of 13, named Wang Ruir and his recollections during the Long March. The film shows the movements of the Red Army, the loss of his dad, sister and brother by marriage during the adventure. The film delineates the connection between Wang Ruir and military pioneer, Mao Zedong who is credited with sparing the youthful boy’s life and directing him gently all through Wang Ruir’s venture into his high school years. The film is a diary of Wang Ruir’s and China’s misfortunes during these violent occasions in the country’s history and the steadiness of the Chinese individuals. Since this film was planned to similar the 70th commemoration of the Long March, numerous figures, settings and clashes depended on the genuine history of China. As per Encyclopedia Britannica the relocation of the officers was verifiably right as the â€Å"communist troops crossed 18 mountain extents and 24 waterways to arrive at the northwestern region of Shaanxi†. Likewise, the soldiers were portrayed in an extremely chivalrous way which thus, roused numerous youthful Chinese to join the Communist Party. The film is set to happen during the 1930s, and the Long March brought about the move of the socialist progressive base camp from southeastern to northwestern China. The geology of the area was recorded precisely by the executive, who followed the genuine way of the Long March, consequently, it contained the genuine mountains, streams, and valleys. The outfits were structured decently legitimately utilizing a ton of dim hues and basic plans for the laborers and laborers so as to really show how they lived during this timeframe. Different props in the film, for example, weapons, apparatuses and the absence of substantial mounted guns portrayed the setting in a reasonable way. What's more, it depicted the destruction of war on the land and delineated the human enduring in a similar manner. I saw this film as exceptionally charming and it kept my consideration all through the story. It was educational and shown me a ton about Chinese traditions, sounds, its kin, and their enthusiasm for the Great Leader. I think about this as an incredible presentation into China’s late history. While this film was decently verifiably right and given numerous realities, there were likewise sure clear embellishments. I felt that the delicate connection between Wang Ruir and Mao Zedong was now and again amusing. While I don’t question that Mao Zedong was entirely equipped for tutoring a youthful trooper, he has been depicted in history as harsh and genuine; henceforth his brushing of youthful Wang Ruir’s hair with his fingers, just as their meaningful discussions appeared to be a lot. Not having experienced childhood in Communism, hearing the military melodies and moves really busy contending was energetically to accommodate. I found that the chief was master Red Army and Mao Zedong yet the publicity didn’t ruin the film for me. What's more, the film indicated the grief and loss of relatives during war rises above outskirts, societies and legislative issues. References Long March. (2010). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Recovered July 10, 2010, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/subject/347303/Long-March

Retail concept project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retail idea venture - Essay Example Offer The client is our lord. Our association will do all the best to guarantee that each client who visits our association leaves feeling increasingly fulfilled. We try to give them more than they expect by giving a wide assortment of things under a similar rooftop, an assistance which is uncommon. Situating Statements Our central goal is to give high caliber and veritable items to our clients at reasonable costs. Advertising Strategy In each association, the primary objective is to boost the degree of deals. Advertising is one of the primary methodologies through which an association can figure out how to win its potential clients. For this situation, showcasing process is noteworthy remembering the present circumstance where the market is portrayed by an exceptionally elevated level of rivalry. One of the showcasing instruments which can be attainable to a craftsmanship display at the underlying stage is promotion. Ad as a strategy for advancement is related with various points of interest. To begin with, notice is successful in arriving at a wide scope of crowd (Trehan and Trehan 146).This is particularly when publicizing is directed through a media which arrives at an enormous number of individuals. The technique will arrive at more noteworthy number of individuals contrasted with different strategies like the business advancement.

AP Essay Samples - Key Strategies

AP Essay Samples - Key StrategiesHaving written a few essays in high school and college, AP Lang essay samples come in handy as a reminder of what you have written. As you can see, the syllabus for the AP class is very clear and concise.In addition to the AP classes that are part of the AP system, there are other types of courses that are offered online or at the college. The first type of course is called AP-EE.This is for the entering students or for those who are starting at the entry level. You will be required to write a science project or to write a class assignment which is supposed to be about an upcoming event, popular culture, etc. The choices and the topic is up to you and is to be discussed among your classmates and with the teachers.If you have a strong interest in your subject, you can opt for those various classes which are offered in community colleges. If you don't have enough interests, you can opt for classes at the local state university.If you get good marks in t hese classes, you can go for the AP-EE level exams, which are taken under the strict supervision of the AP Lass exam. These exams are very difficult, and it is to be noted that these are the most important exams that you will take to get into your chosen field or to prepare for an AP exam.The writing of these papers is a very time consuming and tedious process and the writers are expected to devote a long road before getting perfect scores. So this makes the paper preparation a very tough task for them. You can try out for this type of exam if you really want to be a writer.AP Essay samples are available online in great numbers and all you need to do is to go through these samples and choose the one that suits you the best. One such sample for the AP class is AP language tests and AP English essay sample. You can also avail of free tutorial guides and software to help you with your paper writing.

The Attachment Styles Of Infants - 1312 Words

Attachment is the emotional connection we share with those whom we feel closest (Lilinfield, 2012), especially primary caregiver. Infant attachment styles were quantified by The Strange Situation test that has been developed by Mary Ainsworth (Peterson, 2012). There are three styles of attachment which are secure attachment (Type B), insecure avoidant attachment (Type A) and anxious- ambivalent insecure attachment (Type C). Adults with Type B attachment secure relationship was characterised by intimate, comfort in being emotionally close, trust and also self-disclosure. Meanwhile, relationship of Type A attachment people were described as superficial, cold and aloof. They were also reluctant to have a long-term commitment to relationship.†¦show more content†¦The arguments of the essay are the evidence from empirical study that support and against the thesis statement, the integration of the other studies that produce same results and finally the insights that support the st atement. The evidence of infant attachment styles does have influence on relationships through to adulthood can be seen in Keelan, Dion, Dion (1998), found that securely attached persons showed higher relationship satisfaction compared with persons who characterized as having an insecure attachment. Evidence against the statement can be seen in Kirkpatrick and Davis (1994), who found that the relationships of anxious women and avoidant men were at least as stable as those of comparatively satisfied secure people. Keelan et al., (1998) study was to examine the relationship of the attachment styles with relationship satisfaction via test of a self-disclosure explanation. The independent variable (IVs) for the study is the attachment styles. The study has two levels of IVs, which are secure attachment and insecure attachment (fearfuls, preoccupieds and dismissings). Meanwhile, the dependent variable (DVs) is the relationship satisfaction. The study consists of 165 participants, which 112 participants are female and 53 participants are male introductory psychology students. The ranged in age of the participants are between 17-36 years old, which received credit course for the participations. Participants recorded their personal conversation

Essay on Gilgamesh vs. Genesis - 1436 Words

Gilgamesh vs. Genesis In our society, which is overwhelmingly Judeo-Christian, students often find it difficult to compare Bible stories with tales from other cultures, because our own belief system is wrapped up in the prior, and it is hard for many of us to go against our traditional faith to evaluate them objectively. But in a comparison of the Biblical book of Genesis with the ancient Sumerian text, Epic of Gilgamesh, many parallels suggest that the same type of spiritual searching inspired the composition of both works. It would seem that both cultures shared a concern for the nature of human life, and how its shortness affects the way life should be lived. However, the conclusions each culture†¦show more content†¦And there was quite a lot. There were the Sumerian Seven Tablets of Creation; there was the Babylonian Gilgamesh epic. . . . (Moskin 30). The similarities should not surprise us, right down to the reason God was supposed to have decided to destroy the earth by water. In the Biblical book of Genesis, the author tells us that: The earth was corrupt in Gods sight, and the earth was filled with violence (Genesis 6:11). Part of this, the Genesis author comments, was largely due to the fact that human beings on the earth had become extremely sinful. The Lord saw that the wickedness of men was great in the earth, and it grieved him to his heart (Genesis 6:5). So He determined to kill all the people of the earth, saving only one family which had steadfastly maintained their righteousness. This, of course, was the family of Noah. The parallels between this story and that of Gilgamesh are too obvious to criticize. Of course the Hebrew iteration of the flood story is not coincidence. For a time, the Hebrews lived in Sumer, home of Abrahams people..., taking with them ancient accounts of flood and righteous people whose obedience and wisdom helped them to survive the consuming waters (Near East 2). However, several interesting points can be made here about the characteristics of Sumerian religion. For one, it is clear that, likeShow MoreRelatedThe Epic of Gilgamesh vs the Genesis1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis are two different texts from different time periods. The stories that are going to be discussed are the Genesis and Gilgamesh flood stories. They have few similarities but their stories continue along the same line, although they are different in regard to detail. This essay will examine the reasons of the flood, the role of the two main characters, the religious characters and other noticeable difference of these texts. The reason of the flood of the in TheRead MoreFlood Narrative ( Genesis 6-9 ) Vs. Epic Gilgamesh And Genesis1259 Words   |  6 Pages Flood Narrative (Genesis 6-9) vs. Epic Gilgamesh, Tablet XI The Flood Narrative (Genesis 6-9) and the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet XI have certain parallels that are undeniable, yet many noticeable differences. The parallels are strange yet oddly common in any flood narrative and the differences often lie behind the reasons, responses, and decisions made by the main characters. In both texts, each of the main characters, Noah and Uta-napishti, were ordered to build an ark or a boat due to an incomingRead MoreGilgamesh VS â€Å"Genesis†: Noah and the Flood1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthe passage of time- Richard Dawkins†. We all know the breath taking story of the Genesis flood, but have we ever noticed how similar it is to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Genesis is the story of how one God created mankind, along with everything else on Earth, and what punishments he put upon them when they acted wrong .Genesis is a chapter in the Holy Bible, which was written in the 18th century B.C. by Moses. Genesis is a Hebrew story about the creation of life and how God once destroyed it and EarthRead MoreThe Book of Genesis vs. the Epic of Gilgamesh1029 Words   |  5 PagesTwo Different Books with Similar Stories The Book of Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh have many clear similarities. One major, noticeable similarity is that in both stories, there are flood legends. There is the legend of Noah and the Ark in The Book of Genesis and the story of Utnapishtim in The Epic of Gilgamesh. In both stories, a higher power wants to wipe out the human race and decides to save one person who is then assigned to build an ark to hold himself, his family, and one of each animalRead MoreThe Between Humans And The Gods1515 Words   |  7 Pagesfocuses most of their tales on a man named Gilgamesh. A king who reigned over the Sumerian city-state of Uruk. He was two thirds a god and one third a man and created by the god’s themselves to guide humans. The relationship between humans and the gods was complicated, the Gods come off as very powerful and interfere with the lives of humans as they chose, For example ,when people complain about Gilgamesh being a ruler who does not treat his people well â⠂¬Å" Gilgamesh sounds the tocsin for his amusement Read MoreBiblical Vs. Classical Phenomenon2078 Words   |  9 PagesBiblical vs. Classical Phenomenon Throughout the semester, we have analyzed various texts that constitute some of the most important publications in the history of humankind. These myths and legends are known as the oldest in centuries and possibly the first sight of written text that humans have encountered. Dating back to the times of traditional oral-based stories, texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh have given humankind a sense of emergence in the old times of script and literature. The Epic

Image and voice nursing free essay sample

One of the most diverse and powerful profession is nursing. Although it is a powerful profession the image of nursing does not reflect this. The importance of nursing is shaped by the images people see as patients, family members, members of a community and in the media. Over time there have been many images of nursing from angels to sexual cartoons. There have been many nurses who have had a voice and portrayed nursing in a positive light. Leaders and educators within the nursing profession must be the voice of the nursing profession to empower nurses to engage journalist, media, and the public in the profession of nursing. Historical Image of Nursing Throughout the years there have been many nurses that have imprinted a positive image of nurses such as Clara Barton, Walt Whitman, and Dorothea Dix. One of the most iconic images of nurses is Florence Nightingale who is still perceived as the leader of research and promoting the nursing profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Image and voice nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Florence Nightingale was a voice for nursing by changing perceptions of nursing through her efforts to reform the British military health care system, education, and research, especially in hygiene and reduction of death rates due to infections. It was her work during the Crimean War that started the tales of the â€Å"Lady with the Lamp† (Small, 2000). She had over 200 publications, with her most famous and well known book Notes on Nursing which served as the curriculum at the Nightingale school of nursing and eventually other schools. Throughout her career she continued promoting the need to improving patient care by utilizing the press (Monteiro, 1985). Upon her death she had become one of the most influential women of the 19th century. Her lantern represents the positive light of the nursing profession. Nursing Portrayal in the Media Television is one of the most popular news mediums in America today. The portrayal and images of nursing on television have for the most part been fictional and distorted. Negative stereotypes such as, overbearing, sexual, and incompetence make up most of the television shows and sitcoms. One television show that portrayed such an image was the series MASH, with one main character named Hot Lips Houlihan. Hot Lips was a loud, red-lipstick wearing nurse with large breasts, and was depicted as a sex object more than a nurse. Cartoons and print images have also taken part in the misrepresentation of the nursing profession such as the cartoon character Betty Boop as a nurse, and the popular naughty nurse outfits. These images stereotype nurses in a negative way, and are not reflective of the true value nurses provide to their patients and the community. Nursing is frequently seen as emotional work, assistants to physicians and not focusing on the contributions to research for improving patient care and the everyday clinical challenges they face. The information provided to the media is invaluable in making the nursing profession visible. When communicating with the media, nurses must be credible, enthusiastic and display a professional appearance (Buresh Gordon,2006). As the image of nursing has changed over the years so has the nurses’ appearance. Uniform companies have played a big role in how nurses dress today, with the inundation of uniform catalogs and hundreds of pages of cartoon character scrubs such as, Betty Boop, Snoopy, and an array of animal characters. Why do nurses not want to earn the respect so well deserved? If we were to look at other professions such as firefighters and police officers they have a strict dress code and would not think to throw on a tee shirt with goofy imprinted all over themselves while out on patrol or fighting a fire. What has happened to the official white uniform that represented nurses? Nurses are severely under-represented in print media, including in the area of health care coverage. Organizational public relations and marketing departments are very often focused on presenting highly trained physicians and â€Å"caring† nurses. It is up to nurse leaders and executives to educate journalists about development in nursing (Buresh Gordon, 2006). The internet is emerging to be the single most information medium out today, reaching more than 2 billion people worldwide. One way to utilize the internet is by blogging, which allows nurses to educate, connect and express themselves with others. Another way to utilize the internet is through a professional web site known as LinkedIn which allows a user to create a professional profile to include education, career history, recommendations and professional connections. This is a wonderful way for nurses to network and connect with each other to share ideas and help promote the profession. With the technology available today, nurses not only have an increased opportunity, but an increased duty to share their knowledge and expertise with the public through television, radio, internet, and print. Leadership and staff impact Public perception of what nurses do and contributions that nurses give to improve patient care can be influenced by nurse executives and nurse leaders. Organizations must promote nursing in a positive light. One way organizations can change the perception of nursing is by assessing what is presented on the organization’s web sites. According to Janet Kasoff (2006), few web sites include nursing images that are clear in the role of the nurse and services that are provided by nurses. There is a deficit in promoting the value of nurses and services they provide. Another way organizations can promote nurses is through community advertisements, newsletters, and accomplishments made by nurses within an organization. Many organizations do not take the initiative to promote nurses and what is promoted is usually brought about by nurses themselves. Nurse managers need to encourage their staff to obtain certifications in their respective field. Nurses must also take responsibility for their own career development. Nurse leaders and executives within an organization have the capability of networking with professional associations and committees to utilize their power within the organization to shape policies and make decisions . Promoting a nursing career should be a professional obligation and should be incorporated in every nursing school and organization. There are varied ways that the image of nursing can be changed. Communication which can reflect interest or disengagement is very important, and nurse leaders can act as role models for staff by promoting the image of nursing, and promoting further education and networking. This is will allow the public view nurses in a positive light, and also assists in educating the public in all the services nursing profession has to offer. Nurse leaders can also promote a positive image for nursing by visiting and speaking at their local high schools and colleges to encourage and recruit potential future nurses. Organizations need to take steps in describing what nurses do and the contributions nurses provide to the community. Future Challenges in Nursing Future challenges in nursing include shortages, predictions state that by the year 2015 there will be a shortage of 256,000 nurses across the country (Smith, 2009). The need for higher- level educated nurses. Is one factor in the nursing shortage. Nursing programs are filled to capacity, not because there are so many applicants for programs, but because there are not enough nursing instructors to meet the demand. Another cause for the nursing shortage is the retirement of the â€Å"baby boomer† generation. With their retirement also goes years of clinical experience, knowledge and clinical judgment. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported the need for highly educated nurses is increasing due to the realities of health care in the 21st century. During the 20th century the focus of health care and education was on acute illnesses versus today which is geared more to preventable illness and caring for chronic conditions such as diabetes, congestive heart failure and hypertension(Report at a Glance, 2010). Allowing nurses to practice to their full extent as allowed by their education would allow for improvements to the health care system. Many barriers such as regulations and governmental policies have stifled nurse’s roles; one example is a Nurse Practitioners (NP) role. NP’s are educated as an advanced practice nurse and as such, are allowed to see patients and prescribe medications without physician supervision. Although this is a positive step, there are still many states that do not endorse the Nurse Practitioner.. Conclusion Historically the image of nurses is reflected by pictures of handling bedpans, bandaging men, or sitting reading a book at the bedside. Although these images are real, the profession of nursing has evolved to one of research, leadership, and educators. Image is crucial to how one is perceived in public. Nurses must be cognizant of how they act, speak, and interact in the world. According to Yoder-Wise (2011), â€Å"if nurses think they are powerful, other’s will view themselves as powerful (perceived power)†. . Nurses are responsible for their professional image and have an accountability to promote nursing as a profession. We as nurses must take pride in what we do and all we have to offer, and ensure the public is educated in what a diverse profession nursing is.

Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts

Chemical water pollution Water pollution is the existence of certain substances in water sources that makes it unsuitable for consumption by man and animals. Major sources of water can sustain and get rid o small amounts of wastes. However, pollution occurs depending on the amount of toxin released as well as the amount of water available.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, a small amount of chemical released into an ocean will have little effect, but the same amount of chemical would have a larger effect if released into a lake. Human activities have been the major cause of water pollution worldwide with the major cause of water pollution originating from industries where chemicals used in production of different materials are released into the atmosphere as smoke which later falls back as rain on the surface and eventually i nto rivers and lakes. Improper sewage and waste water disposal has also contributed largely to water pollution especially in highly populated cities which lack basic hygiene. Poor construction of sewage systems causes these wastes to find their way into lakes, rivers and eventually into the sea. Consumption of this polluted water results to illnesses such as diarrhea. The most effective way of solving water pollution problem is treating all waste water and sewage waste before pumping them into the sea. Sewage wastes are natural substances and therefore should be completely broken down into harmless compounds before disposing them into the sea (Glennon, 2010, 1). Most sewage disposals consist of toilet wastes which may cause serious illnesses such as typhoid especially when it is from people infected with viruses. Treatment of waste water before disposal would ensure the safety of citizens by providing them clean and fresh water for consumption. The biggest percentage of sewage waste consists of water, treating the wastes for recycling would help in maintaining a constant supply of water. Pesticide water pollution Pesticides contain chemical elements that are used in preventing infections by pests either in plants or in animals. Although pesticides are advantageous to farmers, they always pose a threat to water resources. This is because only a small amount of the pesticides that is applied is actually used. The rest of it falls out to the atmosphere and eventually finds their way into water reservoirs as they get washed away by rain water down into lakes and rivers and finally into the sea. Industries manufacturing these pesticides may as well dispose solid wastes containing pesticide residues which end up being washed by rain water and into the nearest water bodies. Pesticides may as well be used in water bodies to destroy algae and hence polluting the water (Stier, 2010, 1).Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pesticides have been found to kill all the fish population in any water body. Other types of pesticides that are applied to water bodies to destroy wild organisms such as algae may destroy aquatic plants which may result to reduced or depleted food supply for the fishes. When these plants are killed, they start rotting, a process which may cause reduced oxygen amount in the water. Water sources that are enriched with pesticides have been found to delay the development of tadpoles into frogs. In order to avoid the possible effects of pesticides water pollution, it is advisable to use them only when there is the need to do so. Practicing the use pesticides when there is no rain can be quite helpful in preventing washing of these chemicals into water bodies. Users should be careful when administering these chemicals to ensure that they only apply the recommended amount. Proper disposal of all unused pesticides as well as cont ainers is essential to prevent leaching of the chemicals during rainy season. Farmers are, as well, encouraged to use organic manure which only requires natural materials to be produced (Singh, 2010, 1). Crop rotation is also important in preventing chemical runoffs from the farm. All these efforts would help keep water safe for human and animal consumption as well as maintaining a natural population of the aquatic habitats. Oil and petroleum pollution Liquid petroleum can be released into the environment by human activities especially in oil transportation and production. Spills may also occur naturally as oil blowouts (Embach, 2010, 1). Both sources contribute to large volumes of oil into the sea and other water bodies. Large oil spills can cause death to aquatic organisms with the most affected being the birds. Smaller volumes of oil spills do no necessary kill the organisms but reduce their feeding rates leading to low growth rates as well as reduced reproductive rates. Ability of the affected animals to resist diseases can also be reduced decreasing survival ability of the organism. Prevention of oil spills could be largely contributed by consumers by using petroleum properly to avoid any leaks from equipments. Climate change Climate impacts on water demand Global warming has caused a lot of changes in climate patterns worldwide. These climate changes affect the demand for water especially in countries which depend on rain water for domestic use, farming and in industrial productions. Citizens would, therefore, have increased demand for water from other resources other than rainfall. The reinforcement of water supplies such as dams and other reservoirs requires high costs due to inadequacy of resources. Human activities that may lead to global warming such as burning of fossil fuels should be avoided to prevent loss of rainfall thus ensuring a constant natural supply of water (Pizyborski, 2010, 1). This way, public funds will be used in other development projects and the natural environment will be preserved as well.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Climate impacts on water supply A change in climate will definitely affect water supply. A lot of human activities have caused global warming which in return alters climate especially rainfall patterns and amount (Riebeek, 2010, 1). Since most people rely on rain water, they end up lacking adequate supply of water. This would call for other sources of water which may only supply limited amounts which may not be adequate for the user’s needs especially for the farmers. Low productivity will be experienced in such situations. Practicing human activities that do not provoke climate changes would be helpful in preventing inadequate water supply. This would ensure constant production in farms as well as in factories. Effects of urban growth on water resources Change in water quality Population in urban areas has been increasing as people move to towns in search for job opportunities. Urbanization has increased the rate at which runoffs are released into water bodies. Large volumes of sediments are being disposed in water bodies most of which are not suitable for water users. The quality of water is therefore reduced especially due to residues from factories and domestic waste water from toilets. These residues may increase the temperature of water this increasing water pollution. If this water is consumed, people may get diseases such as typhoid and diarrhea. Proper disposal of domestic and industrial wastes in urban areas would prevent the destruction of water quality in nearby water bodies. Decrease in water bodies The increased demand for water in urban areas has caused the complete depletion of water in many water sources. Misuse of water may as well result to destruction of water bodies. Lack of maintenance in wa ter resources also causes depletion of water where residents only use it without putting efforts to conserve some for the future. The effect of decreased water bodies will be later felt when the supply of water gets inadequate. Better uses of water and conservation efforts are important in maintaining water sources for future use. Increase in water demand As the population in urban areas increases, so does the demand for water. The need for electricity for the growing population in many urban areas where water is used to produce energy raises the demand for water in such towns (Marsalek, 2007, 1). There is also the need to supply water to the many homes for household use. This problem could be solved by controlling the rural to urban migration in order to keep a maintainable population of citizens in the urban areas. A minimal population would be much easier to provide with adequate water supplies.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Embach, C. (2010). Oil Spills: Impact on the Ocean. Retrieved from, http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Oil-Spills-Impact-on-the-Ocean.html Glennon, R. (2010). Solutions to water crisis. Retrieved from, http://uanews.org/node/24810 Marsalek, J. (2007). Threats to water supply and risk management. Retrieved from, http://www.springerlink.com/content/w4734352p023tr45 Pizyborski, P. (2010). Global Warming. Retrieved from, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/ Riebeek, H. (2010). Global warming. Retrieved from, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming Singh, P. (2010). How pesticides cause water pollution. Retrieved from, http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Pesticides-Cause-Water-Pollutionid=5119571 Stier, J. (2010). The facts about pesticides and runoff. Retrieved from, http://www.grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_running/ This report on Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts was written and submitted by user Shelby Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fugitive Slave Act Essays

Fugitive Slave Act Essays Fugitive Slave Act Essay Fugitive Slave Act Essay Fugitive Slave Act BY bdtaz107 To say that I find a great interest in American history would be greatly falsified. However, when it comes to slavery it keeps me much more interested than anything else, at the edge of my seat almost. To know what our ancestors may have went through and sacrificed for us to have better lives today even if it wasnt by choice. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is an epitome source of one of the obstacles that African- American slaves had to face. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated that in which slaves were to escape they ere obligated to return them to their masters upon discovery. Criminal sanctions were also given to those who, in any form helped any slaves runaway. This act also made any federal marshal or any other official who didnt arrest an alleged slave liable to pay a fine up to $1,000. This meant that every federal marshal or official most likely suspected 9 out of 10 African-Americans of being a run away slave because of the color of their skin. At this risk, any suspected runaway slave was not able to ask for trial or even speak on behalf of her/himself. What I believe to make matters worst was that any officer official who captured a slave was given either a bonus or promotion. I believe that this Act and acts in relation to this were put in place to placate the concerns of the south on the spreading of sympathy on slavery in the government. This law required northern states even those that were against slavery, to abide and respect southern laws that declared slavery legal. Basically saying, although you may not agree with our laws and may oppose against slavery ou must still report any runaway slave and bring them back to the south to get put through torture. : This is, however, how the Fugitive Act is seen in my eyes. After being so intrigued at the source, I took it upon myself to do a bit of more research. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed by congress as a part of the compromise of 1850 between the Southern slave interest and the North soil movement. It has come to my attention that the Fugitive Slave Act was a supply of great controversial of the compromise of 1850, raising the fear of the Northern states or the slave power conspiracy. There is no other way to read and understand the source in any manner than what is blatantly written on paper, this Act was put in our laws because the white man felt that every African-American that was seen as free was Just an escaped slave, running away from his/her master. This making even the Northern states, which did not believe in slavery, abide by the rules in which perhaps they felt were In conclusion, I would like to remind you that I feel, as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was one of the most unfair laws passed in The United States of America. Before the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, laws were passed in the North stating that any African- American in the North were free. Meaning that even escaped slaves from the south could be free in the North. However, Due to the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 these laws were overturned. This gave bounty hunters the right to approach African-Americans at random, prosecute them and claim they were escaped slaves. I believe this law even gave crooked bounty hunters the right to unfairly and wrongly send free, innocent African-Americans into slavery.

Copyright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Copyright - Essay Example Moreover, Nike would need to show that there would be a likelihood of consumer confusion of the fair-use of the trademark. It would also be to Nike’s advantage if it formally sends a letter to that party informing the latter that there was an infringement of Nike’s trademark particularly taking into discussion the possible remedies that Nike can resort to if the latter does not cease and desist in its acts of infringement. If the other party refuses to stop and contest Nike’s action, such refusal may constitute proof of willful infringement (Irwin, Sutton & McCarthy 2008 p. 286; Hansen 2006 p. 111). In Polaroid Corp v Polarad Electronics Corp 287 F. 2d 492 (2nd Circ. 1961), the Court established the 8-factor Polaroid Test to determine whether the use of another of a trademark similar to that of a party will result in the likelihood of confusion. These factors are: the strength of the mark of the plaintiff; the degree of similarity between the two marks; identical products and distribution channels; effect of market expansion; proof of actual confusion; product quality; bad faith exhibited by the defendant; sophistication of prospective consumers.

Juvenile Delinquency and Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Delinquency and Justice - Assignment Example Some of the defining movements and legislation in the 20th century were aptly presented in the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) online published report that enumerated the following: firm conformity of the Parens Patriae which claimed that â€Å"the State has both a right and a responsibility to intervene in family life and assume the task of rearing a child if the family is unable to do so. It has roots in English Poor Laws, which empowered the State to separate poor children from their families and place them in apprenticeships†; Parental Delinquency Laws which holds parents liable for apparently being significantly contributory to the delinquency of their children; institution of Due Process; and conditions and stipulations explicitly outlining Exceptions to Due Process. Likewise, also during the 20th century was the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act (JDPCA) of 1968 instituted to propose handling on non-criminal juvenile cases out of courts; while the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 was designed to deinstitutionalize â€Å"status offenders and nonoffenders as well as the separation of juvenile delinquents from adult offenders''. Likewise, there was the need to create the dependency court to ensure that juveniles are protected from being maltreated. It was likewise emphasized that â€Å"as juvenile court legislation was transformed in the delinquency context to provide procedures to satisfy the Gault requirements, the dependency court was left to continue its parens patriae jurisdiction over children and families†.

Good Girl Gone Bad and Date Chris Brown Essay Example for Free

Good Girl Gone Bad and Date Chris Brown Essay Rihanna used to be one of my favourite singers back in the days. She started to change not only her image, but her music. I did some research and looked up what made her change this much. Her songs used to be what made her change this much. Her songs used to be much more sex-free. My research shows that Rihanna could have had experiences, or just wanted a change in her. I asked myself, How has Rihanna changed throughout her career?, and I could come up with many assumptions, but I want to make sure my assumptions are correct. I want to talk about her relationship with Chris Brown, her album A Girl Like Me and her album Good Girl Gone Bad. Rihanna started to date Chris Brown, an American entertainer. On February 8, 2009, Rihanna and her boyfriend Chris Brown had an argument that twisted into physical abuse. Rihanna was injured severely with facial injuries. Chris Brown turned himself in to the Los Angeles Police Department in Wilshire. On March 5, 2009, Chris Brown was charged with felony assault and because of making criminal threats. On June 22, 2009, he pleaded guilty and accepted to do community labor, five years probation and domestic violence counselling. He released a video online to apologize for what he had caused and is deeply saddened by it. He repeatedly apologized to Rihanna and accepts full responsibility for his actions. Right after this commotion, Rihanna had her fourth album, Rated R, which was released in November 2009 and was expressed as a very dark and mature impression due to earlier events. Her debut single, Russian Roulette, was a success. It is a mid-tempo pop song that contains famous RB ballad characteristics. According to the lyrics, the song is about a violent romantic relationship that ended unexpectedly. That song received positive reviews about her vocal performance and the song lyrics. Her third global single, Rude Boy, was released and recognized as the biggest worldwide success from the whole album. The song is about a girl who is getting attention from the guys, and they want her. They are probably just teasing her and cat-calling her, but Rihanna is much more like show me what you got. Its about a womans sexual freedom. Rihannas second album, A Girl Like Me, which was released in April 2006. It sold 115,000 copies in its first week and was certified Platinum. It alternates between the sunny dancehall/pop, hip-hop, club, adult music. The songs in this album were hardly about getting back at a guy or having an intercourse. Her songs were simply songs just to dance to, about someone losing her trust, love and compassion. Her lead single in that album, SOS, was number one on the Billboard Hot 100. It was her first single to top the charts of United States. Her second single, Unfaithful, was a major worldwide hit. Songs like these were what everyone used to listen to, and not only people who have had an abusive relationship, or had their heart broken. Rihannas third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad was released in 2007. She wanted to start in a fresh track with the help of some music producers. She changed her image then to a more rebellious image. She dyed her hair black and cut it short. We figured Good Girl Gone Bad was the perfect title because it showed people Im my own person now. Not doing what anyone wants me to do. Im not the innocent Rihanna anymore. Im taking a lot more risks and chances. I felt when I cut my hair, it shows people I\m not trying to look or be anybody else, Rihanna tells MTV News. During an interview on UK radio station, Capital FM, Rihanna explained the meaning and reasoning behind the album title: Bad is not sleazy. Bad has its own term to every individual and in my case it just means Ive gotten a little rebellious on the album, broken out of my shell and Im taking risks Michael Jackson Bad kind of way.

Collegiate Athletes Have A Different College Experience Essay -- Athle

Collegiate Athletes Have A Different College Experience Everyone has his or her own ideas of what the ‘college experience’ should include and be like. Some thoughts on the subject include going out a lot, meeting lots of new people, and dating many different people. Other people consider it the education, and finding someone to settle down with. â€Å"The college experience means your academic and social experiences you have during your time in college. They are the friends you meet, and hang out with. The classmates you meet and work with, and also the professors you deal with in your years at school,† said Tyler Grogan, a senior football player. Are athletes in college getting the same experience as the non-athlete students, or do practices and other sport related events take up too much time? Do all of the practices, games, weight lifting, and time spent in the training room interfere with their learning, or more with their social life? For the majority of the varsity athletes at Northeastern, their commitment to their team leaves little time to be involved in much else. The transition from high school to college can be a difficult one. Young people must deal with making new friends, learning how to manage time and their newfound freedom, and getting used to being away from home. In coming to college there is more responsibility put on oneself. Students no longer have teachers taking attendance every day, and reminding them about all of their assignments. If the student does not go to class in high school, their parents are notified; in college there are no checkups. If students choose to not go to class, then they usually end up failing. Because of the involvement with athletics, is it easier for athletes coming in to c... ...et by, and to get a degree, and not worry about their GPA. For most female athletes the chance to play their sport professionally is very slim, so they tend to put more stock into their class work and school. The two teams with the highest GPA here at Northeastern University are the women’s volleyball team and the women’s hockey team. The five-year program here at Northeastern offers the student-athlete to simply be a student for a year. Tyler Grogan found that once his eligibility for football was over, he had a lot more time. With his extra time he has been able to meet a few more people, and has more time to spend with them because he no longer has football to take up the majority of his time. In general student-athletes just have less time to spend doing anything besides their sport. The college experience is different for them, but not necessarily better. Collegiate Athletes Have A Different College Experience Essay -- Athle Collegiate Athletes Have A Different College Experience Everyone has his or her own ideas of what the ‘college experience’ should include and be like. Some thoughts on the subject include going out a lot, meeting lots of new people, and dating many different people. Other people consider it the education, and finding someone to settle down with. â€Å"The college experience means your academic and social experiences you have during your time in college. They are the friends you meet, and hang out with. The classmates you meet and work with, and also the professors you deal with in your years at school,† said Tyler Grogan, a senior football player. Are athletes in college getting the same experience as the non-athlete students, or do practices and other sport related events take up too much time? Do all of the practices, games, weight lifting, and time spent in the training room interfere with their learning, or more with their social life? For the majority of the varsity athletes at Northeastern, their commitment to their team leaves little time to be involved in much else. The transition from high school to college can be a difficult one. Young people must deal with making new friends, learning how to manage time and their newfound freedom, and getting used to being away from home. In coming to college there is more responsibility put on oneself. Students no longer have teachers taking attendance every day, and reminding them about all of their assignments. If the student does not go to class in high school, their parents are notified; in college there are no checkups. If students choose to not go to class, then they usually end up failing. Because of the involvement with athletics, is it easier for athletes coming in to c... ...et by, and to get a degree, and not worry about their GPA. For most female athletes the chance to play their sport professionally is very slim, so they tend to put more stock into their class work and school. The two teams with the highest GPA here at Northeastern University are the women’s volleyball team and the women’s hockey team. The five-year program here at Northeastern offers the student-athlete to simply be a student for a year. Tyler Grogan found that once his eligibility for football was over, he had a lot more time. With his extra time he has been able to meet a few more people, and has more time to spend with them because he no longer has football to take up the majority of his time. In general student-athletes just have less time to spend doing anything besides their sport. The college experience is different for them, but not necessarily better.

Judas at the Jockey Club

As an American in the late 1800's, owning a farm was not too uncommon, especially if that farm was located in Mexico. At this time, though, Mexico was in the Porfirian Era (1876-1911). In this certain era, Mexico was being encountered by two very different cultures at the same time: the industrial, and the traditional. These distinctively separate cultures impacting Mexico made it as what can be described as â€Å"backwards† in a sense, as Mexico was practically regressing as the world around it was moving on to bigger and better things.Mexico was so behind that â€Å"many had concluded that Mexico had yet to advance beyond chipped rocks as utensils. † (p. 67). Mexico at this time had locked itself in a stagnancy of its own traditions. The people were simply too anxious towards newer technology to move ahead and replace what they had known for so long. In Mexico at this time, stones were used for nearly every operation executed by the natives. Women that would hand-grin d the meal for tortillas still used a stone roller and slab for the job.They would then take the tortillas and place them upon a hot rock, as stoves were unheard-of at this time. The houses that they lived in also represented the backwardness of the era, as they seemed to replicate that of an Aztec or early Spanish hut with its flat top and adobe construction. In these houses, the Mexicans lacked all types of furniture, even a bed. For sleep, they used what were called petates, which were simple mats to sleep on. They also did not possess any means of heating or cooling, so all resources that they had were to be utilized in many ways.As far as the implementation of new technology goes, Mexico was very stubborn to say the least. As written in the book, â€Å"In near disbelief, a New York Times reporter wrote that Mexicans scarcely understood the use of the wheel. † (p. 72), so it is not entirely difficult to believe that Mexico was still in an ancient lifestyle. Because of thi s lack of transportation technology, many Mexicans at the time would use mules as well as men to transport freight across distances.This was a huge representation of the stunted technological growth that Porfirian Mexico possessed. Another great vision of Mexico's poorly adaptive society was the plow. This plow was described as being â€Å"a long tree branch, with a crook, sometimes faced with an iron, serving as the plowshare. † (p. 72). It also is told to be ox-powered, hooked up to its horns, making it unreliable and at most times inefficient. It was also awfully bad for the ox, as it made the creature push and strain on its neck muscles.On the ranches that did however import plows from the United States, one handle would be removed to replicate the traditional tool that was still used, rather than learning to use the newer and better improved one. Other Agricultural tools were not used in Mexico either, further representing the stubbornness Mexicans possessed toward chang e. Wheat was still harvested by a sickle, rather than a smooth blade. The wheat was not caught by a cradle either, virtually creating more work for the Mexicans overall. No tools were used to thresh the wheat either.Instead, â€Å"the grain was threshed by spreading it in a corral and allowing the animals to trample it for two or three days. † (p. 73). By the time the process was complete, dirt and animal filth was mixed in with the product, making it very much unsanitary. Not only were these Mexicans stubborn to adapting the new technologies, they were hostile as well. After one hacendado had learned that the thresher machine was much more effective and practical, the village priest had declared that it was â€Å"possessed by the devil and forbade the peons to work with it.† (p. 73); the American owner of this machine had to have it exported out of the area to prevent it from being destroyed. Despite the unholy declarations of priests, many villagers naturally opposed using the machines because they left the straw â€Å"whole†. On top of this resistibility to change, the farmers who grew such crops were ignorant to the fact of rotating and resting the fields. They just did not understand the scientific ways that were upon them.One of the next biggest appearances of the ignorance and stubborn acts of Mexican workers at this time was the views they held on the basic tools of the Yankees. As the new technologies of shovels and wheelbarrows were being brought into Mexico, they were being completely disregarded. When Mexicans needed to transfer or transport the earth, they would use what was called a horn scoop, and dump their collected dirt into a leather bag for transportation rather than throwing shovelfuls into a wheelbarrow.An example of wheelbarrow use is told as the following: â€Å"one laborer working on the church loaded his wheelbarrow with bricks, lifted it onto his head, and trudged over to the masons. After emptying it, he replac ed the wheelbarrow on his head and returned to the brick pile for another load. † (p. 74). All means of irrigation were done by transferring the water by means of a pot or bucket. Sometimes other ways were implemented as well, but nonetheless, these was were too known to be dated back to ancient times.The simplicity of it was so neanderthal in style that its told that these methods of irrigation were derived from those used on the Nile hundreds of years before, and not improved on since. Mining as well was un-influenced by the evolving technologies, as the mines hardly differed from what they had been over past years. The workers would dig into the hillside, and use long poles, generally 8-10 feet in length, to escape in and out of the mine. The tools the actual miners utilized was a steel-tipped iron rod, rather than the contemporary pick of the modern age.These drillers, or barrateros, were known as the elite society of the underground, also being paid much better than other s. As far as the ore-transferring process went, it was very dangerous, in the fact of ascending up these wooden poles to the surface. Its said that the workers would rest the bag filled with ore, usually around 150-200 pounds, on his back and begin the ascent. It's also said that the carrier would often have to hold the bag steady with one hand to prevent it from falling, climbing and retaining balance with the other.The process Mexicans used for processing the ore was also deemed very inefficient and mediocre, as â€Å"one engineer estimated that using these techniques Mexican miners took away about 60 percent of the metal contained in the raw ore. † (p. 76). Mexicans also sported yet another downfall, as they relied on rawhide as a crutch for and any all repairs. â€Å"Thongs yoked the plow to the ox, bound cargoes on the backs of mules, stitched together everything that could be laced, tied rails to fence posts, and held rafters in place.† (p. 76).That previous sent ence pretty much sums it up- the idea that â€Å"what a Mexican could not do with rawhide was not worth doing. † (p. 76). Mexicans had virtually eliminated the need for any sort of pins or nails in their society. However, though this rawhide-repairing technique was useful on many things, it would not be accepted let alone effective on machinery. Their means of repair through rawhide put them at a handicap had a repair been needed for any sort of machine, especially one made from cast iron.When a problem like this would emerge, the Mexicans would simply toss that machine aside and no longer worry about it. This furthermore reinforced the ignorance to technology that Mexicans sported. Mexico in this period of time was very much behind technologically. They did not induce change, nor did they embrace it if it was placed in front of them. They faced many disadvantages in the Porfirian Era because of this, but yet, they were not stagnant in their duties. The Mexicans, still using the ancient practices that have been long used by their ancestors, would get the job done.Their work ethic was definitely an admirable one, but the shame of it overall is to think that they could've gotten so much more done had they not been so single-minded toward new technologies. This obvious stubbornness sent them into the regression, or â€Å"backwardness† that they were known for at the time, strongly reinforced by the idea that â€Å"if it's not broken, don't fix it. † Eventually, though, Mexico at this time would be attacked by the Porfirian Liberals, who posted restrictions upon the church and seized lands in attempt to â€Å"modernize† the so very far-behind Mexicans.In response to the attacks, â€Å"these Mexicans under siege confronted modern life in the countryside and the city, and fought to preserve their customs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 88). Mexicans of this time were just not going to cave in to any foreign force, whether it be a change in technologie s, or a change in customs. They were very stubborn and strong-willed with their beliefs, regardless of who or what was threatening them. That clearly demonstrates why Mexico is not necessarily a place to implant new technologies, especially ones that attempt to improve on their own previous traditions.

Analysing the IPO valuation of Eaton - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1399 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Eatons IPO valuation is determinant on a number of factors that will discussed in this report. Raising $175M in the current equity bull market is easier than a bear market, but many of Eatons firm specific risks have the potential to reduce the offering. The purpose of this report is to discuss the timing of the IPO and address firm specific challenges in valuation, apply three valuation methods to Eatons and finally to recommend a share price range. Timing Factors and IPO Risks Eatons premium brand is its strongest marketable factor. Timothy Eaton founded the firm in 1869 only two years after Canadas inception. Because of the firms longevity and premium locations, which are recognizable as Canadian historical icons, the firms brand will remain strong through the restructuring. However, the complication for investors is determining how Eatons can capitalize its brand into stronger sales revenue. There is concern that the company will not be able to make enough restructuring changes to overcome the issues which placed them in bankruptcy to begin with. Even though the plan is to reposition the company to become a high end department store targeting moderate-better consumers, there is no guarantee that the store will be able to obtain the projected sales or that consumers will buy in to the changes at Eatons. Conversely, the move to increase the depth and expertise of management and the board of directors should offset this uneasiness somewhat. Addition ally, the department store industry is facing tightened margins and increased competition. The specific challenge in valuing Eatons IPO is the difficulty in accurately projecting sales revenue. As an investor, uncertainty will discount the amount investors are willing to pay for the IPO. If Eatons were to accomplish a few years of stable revenue and earnings growth under the restructuring plan, this factor would be diminished and the stock would be sold at a premium. The timing of the IPO coincides with the bull market run on the TSX and TSX Department Store Index in 1997 between March and October. Generally, during bull markets, IPOs fare much better than during bear markets. However, there is also concern that if the IPO fails and the price drops, Eatons will be in a much more difficult position to raise additional capital. The success of the IPO depends on Eatons being able to convince investors that its restructuring plan will be able to convert its premium brand into increas ed revenue and margins. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysing the IPO valuation of Eaton" essay for you Create order Valuation Methods Due to the above considerations, it is beneficial to use a number of different valuation techniques to arrive at an appropriate equity valuation. Typically, a discounted cash flow model (DCF) is used, but the complication here is that a WACC is required to discount the cash flows in order to find the equity valuation. However, the value of equity is required to obtain the correct WACC. To overcome the circular reasoning, the adjusted present value (APV) method will be utilized which relies on the return on assets. The other rejected method is the enterprise value to revenue because the numbers it produced were unsubstantiated by any other method. Also, EV/Revenue is essentially a measure of the amount it would cost to buy a companys sales. Considering that some of the comparables are companies such as Bay, whose expected sales of $8 billion is many times the size of Eatons expected sales of $1.8 billion, it is likely that EV/Revenue would overstate Eatons value. Therefore, to compl ement the APV method the following multiples ratios will be used: price to earnings (P/E) and enterprise value to earnings before income tax, depreciation and amortization (EV/EBITDA). The forecasting period used for the APV is from 1999-2004 and includes a number of assumptions (Exhibit 1). First of all, the growth rate is assumed to continue at 8.0% for the next five years in accordance with the pro forma income statement, and then flatten out to Canadian GDP growth for the terminal value at 3.4%. The gross margin and SGA are the percentages of sales given in 1999 and are expected to remain constant. The figures for the net working capital and industry beta require a more detailed explanation. For NWC, the figures are obtained through an average of 1997-98 NWC as a percentage of sales. The 1998 balance sheet indicates a substantial increase over 1997, due to accounts payable being converted to notes payable. While it is unlikely that accounts payable would remain at such low le vels, suppliers are likely to be hesitant to extend credit to the firm after bankruptcy. The industry beta is an average of the Bay and Sears unlevered beta. The primary reason for using these two companies is that they fit the profile of what Eatons projects to be going forward, and are benchmarked against the TSX Composite rather than their American counterparts. As for debt, the level will remain constant as will depreciation and capital expenditure after the first two years of increased capital infusion. By using the CAPM, the firms return on asset is 11.10%. By using the value of debt expected after the IPO (Exhibit 2), the APV arrives at an equity valuation of $328M (Exhibit 3). Because of the tax loss carry forwards, Eatons is not expected to pay any taxes for the first six years which will reduce this asset significantly. Accordingly, interest tax shields are only applied to the terminal value and forecasted based on permanent debt. The ranges for stock prices are based o n a sensitivity analysis of the new equity value for old shareholders provided by the APV valuation (exhibit 4) divided by old shares outstanding. The highlight region gives an average share price of $15.50. Paramount to any comparables analysis is ensuring that the comparable companies used will provide an accurate picture of expected stock behavior. The following U.S. and Canadian firms are available for the comparison: The Bay, Sears, Dillards, Nordstroms, and Profitts. These companies best fit the profile of the type of business lines Eatons is pursuing upon restructuring. Because the P/E method is sensitive to capital structure, the comparables should be closely aligned to Eatons proposed structure which fits the following: The Bay, Sears and Dillards. The net income requires adjustment to normalize the figure (Exhibit 5). When tax loss carry forwards and income from discontinued operations are removed the net income figure is $18M. The equity value recommended is between $2 34M and $321M and based on a low estimate to average comparable because of the investor risks and timing issues aforementioned in this report. While the P/E ratio was constrained by capital structure, EV/EBITDA does not take this into consideration and it is appropriate to use the entire list of comparables mentioned above (Exhibit 6). The recommended equity value range based on this method is between $468M and $663M. Since Enterprise Value multiples can be sensitive to size, it is likely that the equity value might be overestimated since Eatons EBITDA is many times smaller than the comparables. This is between the average and the low estimate on the spectrum due to expected investor concerns over timing and the probability of a successful restructuring process. Recommendations It is our recommendation that the $175M required capital be raised offering 11,666,667 shares at $15/share. This is based on the recommended range the three valuation methods provide (Exhibit 7). Eatons proposed IPO price coincides with the low estimate of EV/EBITDA, slightly above average P/E ratio, and varies with APV calculation due to high degrees of change revealed in the sensitivity analysis. Investors will be drawn to the Eatons brand because of its historical significance, but be cautious due to timing and restructuring concerns. The book building process will further narrow down the price and offering based on supply and demand for Eatons equity. Exhibit 1 APV Assumptions Forecast Period 1999 2003 Revenue Growth 8.0% Gross Margin 34% SGA (as % of sales) 30% NWC (as % of sales) 7.0% Terminal Growth Rate 3.4% CapEx (1999-2000) $75M + $100M CapEx (2001-) $31M Depreciation $31M Risk Free Rate 5.6% Market Risk Premium 7.0% Industry Beta 0.79 Exhibit 2 Debt Calculation Debt Calculations  Values (In Thousands) Debt 80,400 Operating Line 194,000 Total Debt as of 25 April, 1998 274,400 Proceeds from IPO used to pay down debt 91,000 Proceeds from sale of credit operations to Norwest 126,000 Total Post-IPO Net Debt 57,400 Additional Average Borrowing on Operating Line for 1998 95,000 Net Debt for 1998 152,400 Exhibit 3 APV Calculation Exhibit 4 APV Sensitivity Analysis Exhibit 5 P/E and Adjusted Net Income Exhibit 6 EV/EBITDA Exhibit 7 Valuing the Offering

The Real Estate Investment Trust Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5489 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The origins of the real estate investment trust or REIT (pronounced reet) date back to the 1880s. At that time, investors could avoid double taxation because trusts were not taxed at the corporate level if income was distributed to beneficiaries. This tax advantage, however, was reversed in the 1930s, and all passive investments were taxed first at the corporate level and later taxed as a part of individual incomes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Real Estate Investment Trust Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Unlike stock and bond investment companies, REIT were unable to secure legislation to overturn the 1930 decision until 30 years later. Following WWII, the demand for real estate funds skyrocketed and President Eisenhower signed the 1960 real estate investment trust tax provision which reestablished the special tax considerations qualifying REIT as pass through entities (thus eliminating the double taxation). This law has remained relatively intact with minor improvements since its inception. REIT investment increased throughout the 1980s with the elimination of certain real estate tax shelters. Investments in real estate provided investors with income and appreciation. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 allowed REIT to manage their properties directly, and in 1993 REIT investment barriers to pension funds were eliminated. This trend of reforms continued to increase the interest in and value of REIT investment. Singapore REIT commonly referred to as S-REIT. There are currently 20 REIT l isted on the SGX, starting with CapitaMall Trust in July 2002. They represent a range of property sectors including retail, office, industrial, hospitality and residential. S-REIT hold a variety of properties in countries including Japan, China, Indonesia and Hong Kong, in addition to local properties. S-REIT are regulated as Collective Investment Schemes under the Monetary Authority of Singapores Code on Collective Investment Schemes, or alternatively as Business Trusts. S-REIT benefit from tax advantaged status. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Real estate is the worlds biggest business accounting for 15 percent of global gross domestic product (GDP) with assets of US$50 trillion compared with US$30 trillion in equities (Bloomberg, 2004). Moreover more than 50 percent of the worlds total assets are invested in direct real estate and securitized real estate investment vehicles such as real estate investment trusts (REIT) or real estate stocks. In the US, REIT was created by Congress in 1960 to allow small investors to have indirect access to large-scale income producing real estate investment. In Singapore, REIT offers an indirect vehicle for developers with large portfolio of low-yield income producing commercial properties to divest the asset holdings and unlock book values of the assets. This is an exit strategy for some developers to liquidate their equity stake in real estate projects, such as the divestment of Suntec retail mall and office towers via Suntec REIT that ended the joint ownership relationship of the 11 Hong Kong tycoons that initiated the project in 1988. The road to a buzzing REIT market today in Singapore was not smooth-sailing. The idea was mooted back in 1986, when Singapore property market was in doldrums following its first post-independent economic recession in 1985. The idea did not take off, but subsequently interest in REIT was re-ignited in late 1990s when the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) revealed the guidelines for Property Funds in May 1999. The first attempt to launch a REIT was made by CapitaLand with its SingMall Property Trust (SPT) in November 2001, but the listing was aborted due to under-subscription of the new issues. Market timing and lack of tax transparency were cited by analysts as the main causes for the lukewarm response to the maiden S-REIT at the time. (Tien Foo, 2005) In July 2002, SPT was restructured with the same portfolio of three retail properties (Junction 8, Tampines Mall, Funan IT Mall) and re-launched under the new name CapitaMall Trust (CMT). The CMT IPOs were priced at $0.96, which was estimated at 2% discount to NAV compared to the earlier attempt that priced the IPO at 2.7% premium. The re-launch of CMT was a success with 5-time oversubscription, and it has been an important cornerstone in the REIT chapter in Singapore. Ascendas- REIT (A-REIT) was subsequently listed on the Singapore Exchange in November 2002, and it IPO was also over-subscribed by 5 times. As of July 2005, there are six REIT listed and traded on Singapore Exchange, and their details at IPO are summarized in Figure 1. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT In effect, due to the fact that the inputted parameters are unstable, the estimated optimal allocations can differ markedly between periods. This is made even more acute as optimiser typically produce portfolios with extreme holdings in a limited number of assets with some assets taking zero weights while others have very large allocations. Black and Litterman (1992) refer to these as corner solutions. Although the resulting portfolios are optimal in the statistical sense, the results would be unacceptable to any prudent portfolio manager (Jorion, 1985). Such corner solutions portfolios quickly become sub-optimal with changes in the means over time, leading to a further reduction in ex ante performance. In addition such extreme portfolio allocations assets seem to be against the spirit of diversification, Michaud (1989). One way to control for such extreme holdings are to place constraints (upper and lower bounds) on the amount any one asset, or group of assets, can have in the optimum portfolio. Indeed papers such as Frost and Savarino (1988) and Chopra (1993) suggest portfolio optimisations, which are subject to such constraints, have better ex ante performance compared with unconstrained solutions. However, any constraints are likely to be arbitrary, leading to the results being hard to generalise. For example, one possible constrained portfolio is the equally weighted naive portfolio. Morrell (1993), however, argues that that it is generally not possible for property funds achieve equal-weighting in a portfolio and at the same time be represented in key market segments. In addition fund managers typically desire to maintain weights similar to a benchmark portfolio. Also at a practical level due to the indivisibility of property and the marked differences in lot size between say the office and industrial sectors an equal-weighted portfolio strategy would be impossible to implement. Thus an equal-weighted portfolio is therefore probably not a realisti c, or even a desirable goal of fund managers. In addition such an approach fails to tackle the fundamental reason for the major shifts in portfolio allocations over time, the instability in the sample means. In contrast the estimation error in variances and covariances is not as much of concern since these parameters are relatively stable over time and therefore are more precisely estimated. Thus the use of a portfolio selection procedure based on historical parameters that ignores the estimation risk due to the uncertain in mean returns is likely to produce sub-optimal results in subsequent periods. Indeed previous work on the application of MPT to the real estate portfolio shows this to be the case. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.3.1 Are Economic effect really gives impacts to REIT? 1.3.2 Which Economic effect gives most changes to REIT indices? 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY Based on the research question, thus, two research objectives were formulated. 1.4.1 To find out whether the macroeconomic variables have impact on REIT performance. 1.4.2 To determine the macroeconomics factor that influenced most on REIT performance. 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The main purpose of carrying out this research is to determine the REIT performance and analyze it throughout the macroeconomics variables and how REIT react on it. The group of people who gain the benefit from this study: 1.5.1 Researcher The study gives benefits to colleges people and can be used in their study and references. 1.5.2 Company The research may give important information to the company and corporation who are related in REIT and sectors related to REIT activity for them make decision. 1.5.3 Investor Gives overview and guidelines before they can make decision on investment. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of this study would cover S-REIT index performance within ten years period. The macroeconomics variables that used in this study will be GDP, industrial production output, inflation, money supply, and exchange rate. 1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY REIT performances are sometimes outperform the stock market. Due to the characteristics of real estate that have high in value, it will give the confident to the investors and increase the demand towards REIT. This kind of demands is tremendous but sometimes it will not following the macroeconomic variables trend. For example, for production variable, the production may not match the demand on REIT and it will gives unusual result in regression. What are the limitations of your study? Here, it seems that you are talking about an issue/problem statement. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.8.1 REIT/S-REIT Real Estate Investment Trust/Singapore REIT 1.8.2 S-REIT index FTSE ST Real Estate Investment Trust Index 1.8.3 GDP Gross Domestic Product 1.8.4 FX Foreign Exchange 1.8.5 M2 Money supply 1.8.6 GNP Gross National Product 1.9 SUMMARY Issuing of REIT is some kind of investment trust that have significant the assets hold are real estate compared to shares. Macroeconomic variables seem effect the REIT performance as well as the stock market, unit trusts, bonds, and other instruments. This study will examine the effects of microeconomic on REIT performance. Few variables are taken to test whether there are significant correlation between the dependent and independent variables. The dependent are S-REIT index and the independent variables are macroeconomic variables. For final report, theres no by chapter summary. Just concluded them and put it under the last topic conclusion. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION S-REIT yields have normalized back to a market cap weighted 7.4% FY10 DPU or 480bps over the 10-year bond yield, in tune with long term historical levels. Hence, the S-REIT sector is expected to trade in line with the broader market in 2010 with a projected total return of 15.6%. Balance sheets are now healthier with gearing at 31% and refinancing risks have abated with only 16% of the S-REIT indebtedness due for review next year. At this point, with little prospect of significant asset reflation, we believe that S-REIT are unlikely to favour gearing up much from here. Hence, any capital management exercises to fund new purchases are likely to be smaller and opportunistic in nature. Investors are likely to refocus back on earnings growth potential, driven by both organic and acquisition means as a catalyst for stock performance. PREVIOUS STUDY Islam (2003) conducted the studies in examining the short run dynamic adjustment and long term equilibrium relationships between the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index and the selected macroeconomic variables (interest rates, exchange rates, inflation rates and industrial productivity). His found that the existence of the short runs (dynamic) and the stable long run (equilibrium) relationships between stock returns of Kuala Lumpur stock market and that selected macroeconomic variables by using the monthly data from January 1990 to June 2002. Maysami, Lee and Mohamad (2004) also investigated the relationship between macroeconomic variables (interest rates, industrial production, price levels, exchange rates and money supply) and Singapore stock market index (STI) as well as with various Singapore Exchange Sector Indices (finance index, property index and hotel index). His concludes that the Singapores stock market and the property index form cointegrating relationship with changes in t he short term and long term of the selected macroeconomic variables. Maghyereh (2002) investigated the long-run relationship between the Jordanian stock prices and selected macroeconomic variables, again by using Johansens (1988) cointegration analysis and monthly time series data for the period from January 1987 to December 2000. The study showed that macroeconomic variables were reflected in stock prices in the Jordanian capital market. Reily and Brown (2000), however, complicated the matter a bit by stating that cash flows from stocks can change along with interest rates and it is not certain whether this change in cash flows will augment or offset the change in interest rates. Ibrahim (1999) also investigated the dynamic interactions between the KLSE Composite Index, and seven macroeconomic variables (industrial production index, money supply M1 and M2, consumer price index, foreign reserves, credit aggregates and exchange rate). Observing that macroeconomic variables l ed the Malaysian stock indices, he concluded that Malaysian stock market was informationally inefficient. Omran (2003) focused on examining the impact of real interest rates as a key factor in the performance of the Egyptian stock market, both in terms of market activity and liquidity. The cointegration analysis through error correction mechanisms (ECM) indicated significant long-run and short-run relationships between the variables, implying that real interest rates had an impact upon stock market performance. Chong and Gohs (2003) results were similar: they showed that stock prices, economic activities, real interest rates and real money balances in Malaysia were linked in the long run both in the pre- and post capital control sub periods. Maysami and Koh (2000) examined such relationships in Singapore. They found that inflation, money supply growth, changes in short- and long-term interest rate and variations in exchange rate formed a cointegrating relation with changes in Singapores stock market levels. Islam and Watanapalachaikul (2003) showed a strong, significant long-run relationship between stock prices and macroeconomic factors (interest rate, bonds price, foreign exchange rate, price earning ratio, market capitalization, and consumer price index) during 1992-2001 in Thailand. Vuyyuri (2005) investigated the cointegrating relationship and the causality between the financial and the real sectors of the Indian economy using monthly observations from 1992 through December 2002. The financial variables used were interest rates, inflation rate, exchange rate, stock return, and real sector was proxied by industrial productivity. Maghyereh (2002) investigated the long-run relationship between the Jordanian stock prices and selected macroeconomic variables, again by using Johansens (1988) cointegration analysis and monthly time series data for the period from January 1987 to December 2000. The study showed that macroeconomic variables were reflected in stock prices in the Jordanian capital market. Gunasekarage, Pisedtasalasai and Power (2004) examined the influence of macroeconomic variables on stock market equity values in Sri Lanka, using the Colombo All Share price index to represent the stock market and (1) the money supply, (2) the treasury bill rate (as a measure of interest rates), (3) the consumer price index (as a measure of inflation), and (4) the exchange rate as macroeconomic variables. Mansor and Wan Sulaiman (2001) analyzed the dynamic interactions among three macroeconomic variables (real output, price level and money supply), exchange rates and equity prices in Malaysia. Their findings show that the Malaysian stock prices response more by changes in domestic factors mostly on money supply by exerts a positive effect on stock prices in the short run and negatively associated in the long run. Check your line spacing. 2.2 MICROECONOMICS INDICATORS AND REIT While much works have been done on stock markets and USA REIT, this research provides an alternative perspective on the dynamic relationship between listed real estate market and the macroeconomic. Specifically, we examine whether the expected risk premium on property stocks of Singapore could be linked to the conditional volatilities of a set of principal components derived from six chosen observable macroeconomic variables. Another contribution of the paper stems from the use of a three-step methodological framework in addressing the objectives of the paper. Since property stock combines the investment characteristics of direct real estate and general stock, property stock market return and volatility profiles are likely to be different from those of stock markets (especially) in the long term. Moreover, property stocks are also different from REIT in their organization form, tax status, institutional framework and risk-return performance. Thus, we propose to extend the inquiries of this study to cover major property stock markets and examine the potential impact that macroeconomic risk may have on property stock excess returns. In a preview of our results, we are able to find that the expected risk premium on property stocks of the four markets are time-varying and dynamically linked to the conditional volatilities of the macroeconomic factors. Significant results are obtained from the macroeconomic volatilities as useful predictors for the expected risk premium and their conditional variances. But these significant results depend upon the individual markets involved. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Six economic factors are selected to test the relationships of these factors and S-REIT performance. Growth rate in GDP Growth rate in Industrial production output Unexpected inflation Interest rate Growth in money supply Changes in exchange rate I suggest you should exclude this part (2.3) since you will illustrate the framework in Chapter 3. Its redundant. SUMMARY Collectively, the evidence from this study indicates that for all the four markets studied, the six macroeconomic variables, GDP growth, INDP growth, unexpected inflation, money supply, interest rate and exchange rate can be represented by three principal components which are time-varying. In addition, between five and six macroeconomic risk factors are highly correlated with the retained principal components. Furthermore, GARCH and GMM evidence suggests that the expected risk premium and conditional volatilities of the risk premium for the four markets are time-varying and dynamically linked to the conditional volatilities of the three retained principal components (and hence the macroeconomic factors). However the impact of the macroeconomic risk factors on the expected risk premium in terms of direction and significance do vary across the four markets studied. Hence there are opportunities for risk diversification in international property stock markets CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND DATA 3.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the relationship between property stocks and some major macroeconomic risk factors as reflected in the general business and financial conditions. Ten years time period will be used to find the correlation and regression between microeconomic variables and S-REIT performance. 3.1 DATA COLLECTION Data concerning on the macroeconomic variables and the S-REIT performance index were gathered to see whether there are any correlation between them as being the main objective of this study. In completing this study, the researcher will use secondary data. The data are collected from DataStream, related journals, news articles, and views from analysts, comments from professionals, books references, magazines, news paper, investors reports and updates of financial industry reviews. Data means your raw data (the one with figures) and it usually collected by students from the datastream. Those that you get from journals, articles etc. are NOT data. They are information. So, rearrange your sentence to separate between sources of data and information. 3.2 SAMPLING FRAME To secure an acceptable result, this study decided to use S-REIT index within 1999 to 2010. How about your IV? 3.3 SOURCES OF DATA The data on S-REIT performance index will be collected from the Data Stream provided by University of Technology Mara and also related website. The data from all Singapore companies REIT listed within 2000 to 2009 will be used to identify the movements of S-REIT performance index. 3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT The variables used in this study can be categorized into two main types which are; the dependent and the independent variables. 3.4.1 Dependent Variables The dependent variable for this study is the Singapore REIT index. 3.4.2 Independent Variables The independent in this study is macroeconomic variables. The macroeconomic variables used in this study are GDP, Money Supply, Inflation, Industrial Production and Exchange Rates and Unexpected inflation. RESEARCH DESIGN This research is designed to explore the relationship between dependent and independent variables. In this study, it engages in hypotheses testing that were explaining the certain significant correlations between economic variables and the decision of going public. 3.5.1 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the index of REIT performance and the macroeconomic variables. 3.5.2 Types of Investigation This study involved the correlation types of investigation where the researcher intends to investigate whether the dependent and independent variables have positive or negative relationship. 3.5.3 Unit of Analysis In this study, all the data regarding the REIT performance index and economic variables of Malaysia (Consumer Price Index, Exchange Rates, Money Supply and Industrial Production Index) as a whole were taken to test the relationship between them. 3.5.4 Time Horizon Time horizon of this study is cross-secti onal studies, which the data are gathered just once over a period. This study was used yearly basis data from 2001 until 2009 as a time frame for this study. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There is a classical theory that explained the high correlation between the macroeconomic variables and the stock market index. This study tries to look at the possibility of the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables in Malaysia market. Dependent variable: S-REIT Performance Index Independent variables: Gross Domestic Product, Inflation, Exchange Rates (US$/RM), Money Supply (M2) and Industrial Production Index, Interest rate. Below is the schematic diagram to show the relationship between the relationship between the dependent and independent variables: Figure 2: Schematic Diagram (Relationship Diagram) GDP Inflation Exchange Rates Money Supply REIT Performance Index Industrial Production Index Interest rate Independent Dependent According to the schematic diagram above, it can be elaborated that the performance of S-REIT index are determine by the GDP, inflation, exchange rates, money supply, iInterest rate and ind ustrial production index. The dependent variables will reflect in any changes in independent variables. Recheck your spelling and grammar. Make sure they are past tense since youve completed your study. 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT The statistical tools use in the study is Multiple Linear Regression Model. This model was examined the real-time effects of several independent variables towards dependent variable that is interval scaled. Multiple linear regression analysis aids in understanding how much of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by a set of predictors. This type of analysis is also done to trace the sequential previous that cause the dependent variable through path analysis. This model is more appropriate to be used since it can explain the correlation between the dependent and independent variables much better. SPSS Software was used to generate the result from the data that have been collected. Multiple Linear Regression Model: (Equation 1) Where; Y = Dependent variable which represent S-REIT index = The constant number of equation = Coefficient Beta value = Growth rate in GDP = Growth rate in Industrial production output = Inflation = Interest rate = Growth in money supply = Changes in exchange rate = Error 3.8 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT Hypothesis 1 H0: Growth rate in GDP has no relationship with S-REIT movements H1: Growth rate in GDP has a relationship with S-REIT movements Hypothesis 2 H0: Growth in money supply has no relationship with S-REIT movements H1: Growth in money supply has a relationship with S-REIT movements Hypothesis 3 H0: Inflation has no relationship with S-REIT movements. H1: Inflation has a relationship with S-REIT movements Hypothesis 4 H0: Changes in Exchange Rate has no relationship with S-REIT movements H1: Changes in Exchange Rate has a relationship with S-REIT movements Hypothesis 5 H0: Growth rate in Industrial production output has no relationship with S-REIT movements H1: Growth rate in Industrial production output has a relationship with S-REIT movements Hypothesis 6 H0: Interest rate has no relationship with S-REIT movements H1: Interest rate has a relationship with S-REIT movements SUMMARY In the nutshell, this chapter will provide the research design that will be used in this study. The study aims to determine the relationship between economic factors with the index movements of S-REIT. This research will be done in accordance to the objective where to know whether there is any significant relationship between the economic factors with the timing and the decision of the investors who willing to get into S-REIT. Since study focuses on the data from 1999 until 2009, if would give a better picture on the decision and timing of buying S-REIT and using this information for gaining future return as well. CHAPTER 4 FINDING AND ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION As mentioned in the previous chapter, the objective of this study is to determine the significance correlation between the macroeconomics variables and the S-REIT performance. In addition, the study also tends to identify which macroeconomic factors that have a relationship with the index. Multiple linear regression is one of the useful method to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In testing the hypotheses, the tests have been run for both dependent variables (S-REIT index) and independent variables GDP, Inflation Rate, Exchange Rate, Money Supply, Industrial Production Index and Interest Rate. 4.1 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF S-REIT AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES (January 2000 June 2010) The data have been converted into rate [X= (P1 P0) / P0] and be regressed in order to get the solid model to explained the conclusion derive from the analysis. Table 4.1: Multiple Linear Regression of S-REIT index (2000-2010) Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2.959 2.419 1.223 .229 GDP -4.480E-5 .000 -1.457 -2.569 .015 MONEYSUPPLY 2.130E-6 .000 .937 2.277 .029 INFLATIONRATE -.095 .032 -.304 -2.978 .005 FOREX .898 .512 .341 1.755 .088 IND.PROD .011 .013 .263 .898 .375 INT.RATE .799 .139 .767 5.743 .000 a. Dependent Variable: SREITINDEX Table 4.1 shows the model summary of S-REIT index and the selected macroeconomic variables. Before analyzing all the data above, residual analysis on that model has been tested to ensure that the model will meet all the assumptions in multiple regression method. 4.2 FINAL FINDING OF MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION OF S-REIT INDEX Table 4.2: Final Model Summary of S-REIT index (2000-2010) Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change Sig. F Change 1 .906a .821 .791 .23921 .821 26.792 .000 Predictors: (Constant), INT.RATE, GDP, INFLATIONRATE, FOREX, IND.PROD, MONEYSUPPLY b. Dependent Variable: SREITINDEX Table 4.3 shows the model summary of S-REIT index and the selected macroeconomic variables. From the table above, it shows that adjusted R2 is 0.791 in which represents the total amount of variance in the population. The value of adjusted R2 can be interpreted that only 79.10 percent of variability of data regressed can be explained between the independent and dependent variables. In this case, it can be concluded that GDP, Inflation Rate, Exchange Rate, Money Supply, Industrial Production Index and Interest Rate were explained 79.1% of the variance in S-REIT index. It also explained by adjusted R2 that there are strong correlations between the variable s since the adjusted R2 is above 50%. Then, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test has been conducted again to test the null hypothesis that several groups mean are equal in the population by comparing the sample variance estimated from the group means to that estimated within the group. Below is the hypothesis of this model: H0: None of the 6 independent variables GDP, Inflation Rate, Exchange Rate, M2, Industrial Production Index and Interest Rate will significantly explain the variance in S-REIT index. (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1=ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2=ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3=ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 = 0) You mentioned that you have 6 IVs H1: The 6 independent variables of GDP, Inflation Rate, Exchange Rate, M2, Industrial Production Index and Interest Rate will significantly explain the variance in S-REIT index. (At least one of  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ is not equal to zero) After the test that has been conducted, the null hypothesis (H0) will be rejected if the p-value 0.05. The F-signifi cant value (p-value) stands at 0.0000, which shows that the model is significant with 99 percent confidence level. The finding shows that this test will reject the null hypothesis. Means that, at least one of the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ is not equal to zero. Thus, following findings and analysis will interpret the result for the independent variables and test on the hypothesis. Table 4.3: Final Coefficient of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2.959 2.419 1.223 .229 GDP -4.480E-5 .000 -1.457 -2.569 .015* MONEYSUPPLY 2.130E-6 .000 .937 2.277 .029* INFLATIONRATE -.095 .032 -.304 -2.978 .005* FOREX .898 .512 .341 1.755 .088 IND.PROD .011 .013 .263 .898 .375 INT.RATE .799 .139 .767 5.743 .000* a. Dependent Variable: SREITINDEX Table 4.3 r epresents the result from multiple linear regression analysis of S-REIT index from year January 2000 to June 2010. It reports the coefficient values for each independent variable that has been regressed against the S-REIT index. The test has been conducted to test the H0 of the S-REIT index and the selected macroeconomic variables. The H0 will be rejected if the p-value 0.05. Hypothesis 1 H0: Growth rate in GDP has no relationship with S-REIT movements Looking the analysis between S-REIT index and GDP (table 4.3), it is found that the t-significant value stand at 0.015, which is significant. The finding hereby rejects the null hypothesis for GDP. It also explained that there is significance correlation between GDP and S-REIT index. Hypothesis 2 H0: Growth in money supply has no relationship with S-REIT movements Based on analysis between S-REIT index and Money Supply (table 4.3), this study found that there is significant correlation between S-REIT index and Money Supply, which is the t-significant value stand at 0.029. The finding shows that this study will reject the null hypothesis for exchange rate. It explained that there is relationship between Money Supply and S-REIT index. Hypothesis 3 H0: Inflation has no relationship with S-REIT movements Based on analysis between S-REIT index and Inflation (table 4.3), this study found that there is significant correlation between S-REIT index and Inflation, which is the t-significant value stand at 0.005. The finding shows that this study will reject the null hypothesis for Inflation. It explained that there is correlation between Inflation and S-REIT index. Hypothesis 4 H0: Changes in Exchange Rate have no relationship with S-REIT movements Based on analysis between S-REIT index and exchange rate (table 4.3), this study found that there is no significant correlation between S-REIT index and Exchange Rate, which is the t-significant value stand at 0.088. The finding shows that t his study failed to reject the null hypothesis for Exchange Rate. Hypothesis 5 H0: Growth rate in Industrial production output have no relationship with S-REIT movements Looking the analysis between S-REIT index and Industrial production output (table 4.3), it is found that the t-significant value stand at 0.375, which is not significant. The finding hereby failed to reject the null hypothesis for Industrial production output. It also explained that there is no significance correlation between Industrial Production Output and S-REIT index. Hypothesis 6 H0: Interest rate has no relationship with S-REIT movements Looking the analysis between S-REIT index and Interest rate (table 4.3), it is found that the t-significant value stand at 0.000, which not significant. The finding hereby rejects the null hypothesis for Industrial production output. It also explained that there is significance correlation between Industrial Interest rate and S-REIT index. 4.4 LINEAR EQUATION Ye = 2.959 0.00004480(GDP)* + 0.000002130(MS)* 0.095(INF.R)* + 0.898(FX) + 0.011(IND.P) + 0.799(INT.R)* (t-value) (-2.569) (2.277) (-2.978) (5.743) Significant at 95% confident level Y = Dependent variable which represent S-REIT index DGP = Gross Domestic Product MS = Money Supply INF.R = Inflation Rate FX = Exchange Rate IND.P = Industrial Production INT.R = Interest Rate * sig. From the equation above, it can be said that GDP has inverse relationship with S-REIT index. These results are explained that when the GDP increases, then the S-REIT index will decrease. Decrease of GDP by 1 % in show an increase on S-REIT index by 0.00004480% when holding other variables constant. But contra with Kim Hiang Liow, Muhammad Faishal Ibrahim and Qiong Huang (2005) the stock market have positive relationship with GDP. Previously in chapter 1, it was highlighted that properties have value that increasing that can over perform the stock market. It is unnecessari ly that the trend of S-REIT will follow the GDP. S-REIT also contains the real property outside of Singapore such as Malaysia, Vietnam, China, Indonesia and others. It will not necessarily will relate to Singapore GDP or other variables directly. Money Supply has positive relationship with S-REIT index. From the equation, when Money Supply increases by 1%, S-REIT index will increase 0.000002130% when holding other variables constant. Inflation Rate has negative relationship with S-REIT index. From the equation, when Inflation Rate increases by 1%, S-REIT index will decrease 0.095% when holding other variables constant. Interest Rate has positive relationship with S-REIT index. From the equation, when Interest Rate increases by 1%, S-REIT index will increase 0.799% when holding other variables constant. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION The paper has examined the relationship between S-REIT index with GDP, Inflation Rate, Exchange Rate, Money Supply, Industrial Production Index and Interest Rate. The study were employed the quarterly data and used multiple linear regression method to test the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The results found that there are strong correlations between the S-REIT indexs with the selected macroeconomic factors. It means that, there are other factors that affect the performance of S-REIT rather than the six (6) selected economic factors. From this study, it can be conclude that the S-REIT performance in the strong form efficient market hypothesis seems the S-REIT performance are not fully reflected with all information from public and private sources that included the information about economic events in Singapore. Specifically, GDP, Money Supply, Inflation Rate, and Interest Rate were significantly related with S-REIT performance. It means that, any c hanges in GDP, Money Supply, Inflation Rate, and Interest Rate it seems to reflect the changes in S-REIT indexs. The past studied also found there are strong relationship between exchange rate and money supply towards the performance of stock market index. Maysami, Lee and Mohamad (2004) found the co-integrating relationship between exchange rates and money supply in Singapores stock market in their past studied. While, Islam (2003) proved that there are short run and long run relationship between stock returns of Bursa Malaysia stock market with interest rates, inflation, exchange rate and industrial productivity. 5.1 RECOMMENDATION As a recommendation, it seems there are opportunities to other students to further study on the relationship between S-REIT index and macroeconomic variables. The future researcher is suggested to measure the relationship between stock market index and the economic factors by using other method rather than use multiple linear regression method. There are also suggested by other past researchers in the similarly research that co integration analysis and Error Correction Method it seems to give the robust result and will give the deep explanation of the relationship between the stock market index and macroeconomic factors. (Islam (2003), Mansor and Hassanuddeen (2003). Other than that, it also recommended to the future researcher to add other macroeconomic variables such as Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Unemployment Index in examining the relationship of economic factors with stock market index.